{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.1","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[17.332,40.3617]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":1,"sitename":"Punta Saguerra","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Taranto","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":70,"latitude":40.36169815,"longitude":17.33200073,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":45,"timeall":298,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Punta Saguerra is a cape that extends out to sea about 200 m and is flanked by a deep inlet. The submerged part of the cape is characterized by an articulated sea bottom inclined off shore of about 6% up to −30 m; coastward it finishes in a quite vertical cliff whose foot is at −3/−5 m below present sea level, marked by the presence of discontinuous accumulation of collapsed boulders. The emerged part is characterized by a slightly undulating surface with a mean slope of about 6–7%  and a maximum elevation of 11 m above the biological sea level (= a.b.s.l.) (sensu Laborel and Laborel-Deguen, 1994). ","sitenotes":"Starting from the coastline it is possible to divide the cape of Punta Saguerra in three different zones: 1—a terrace surface about 50 m wide at about 2–3 m a.b.s.l.; 2—a boulder berm leaning on a step placed between 2 and 5 meters a.b.s.l.; and  3—a steeper terrace that reaches approximately 11 m a.b.s.l.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1007,"reference_idsite":1007,"authors":"G. Mastronuzzi and C. Pignatelli ","title":"The boulder berm of Punta Saguerra (Taranto, Italy): a morphological imprint of the Rossano Calabro tsunami of April 24, 1836?","publication":"Earth Planets Space","volume":"64","issue":null,"pages":"14","year":2012,"doi":"10.5047/eps.2011.08.018 ","url":null,"abstract":"An extended berm of calcarenitic boulders is recognisable at Punta Saguerra, few kilometres south of Taranto (Apulia, Italy) while isolated boulders are sparse in other near localities. The berm is at 2–5 m above present sea level (a.p.s.l), on a rocky headland gently sloping toward the sea; it is separated from the coastline by a large terrace. A detailed study of its stratigraphy and its morphology has been performed in order to define its depositional mechanism; in particular, integrated DGPS and Laser Scanner surveys have provided precise details of each boulder: position, size and distance from the shoreline. The accumulation is constitute of boulders up to 30 tons, which locally are arranged in rows of embricated patterns. The surfaces of the biggest boulders are characterised by biogenic encrustations and by solution potholes that indicate their intertidal/adlittoral/spray zone provenience. Based on direct observations of each boulder (size, shape, weight and long axis azimuth), together with hydrodynamic equations it is possible to hypothesize the extreme event—geodynamic or meteorological— which was responsible for this singular accumulation. AMS age determinations on Vermetid sp. sampled on boulder surfaces and chronicle suggest that the accumulation may be attributed to the tsunami generated by the strong earthquake that occurred on April 24, 1836, the epicentre of which has been localised near Rossano Calabro, along the Ionian coast of northern Calabria.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1007,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1007,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"Boulder berm","typeofsite_idsite":1007,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1007,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":4.0999999,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by an accumulation of large boulders (up to 30 tons) arranged in a berm. These boulders are made by calcarenitic local bedrock. An important part of the boulders has its main axis E-W and NE-SW oriented, so orthogonal to the approaching direction of the main waves coming from S or SE; on the other hand, many boulders have their a-axis NW-SE or N-S oriented. The correspondence between a-axis orientation and the approaching direction of main wave is only apparent; in fact, since their physical features, these last were refracted due its interaction with the continental shelf and hit the coast from SW (Mastronuzzi and Sansò, 1998). On the sea – ward of the berm the bedrock is marked by erosional s – forms. At meso – scale the presence of these erosional forms (from the coastline to the top of step) could be considered significant evidence of tsunami.","labyoungestagelya":413,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":1813,"youngestcalagemax":1955,"laboldestage":489,"loastddev":60,"oldestcalagemin":1702,"oldestcalagemax":1951,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1836,"eventdescription":"AMS age determinations were performed on three vermetid samples collected from the surface of two different imbricated and overturned boulders of the berm, each weighing about 5 and 7 tons. The results of the AMS analyses have been calibrated by using the CALIB 6.0 software (Stuiver and Reimer, 2010)and adopting a delta R value of 121 ± 60.  It is possible to relate this event to one tsunami generated by the earthquakes occurring on April 24, 1836 near Rossano in Calabria.","eventnotes":"The boulders, generally, come from the adlitoral – infralitoral – sublitoral zones. The presence of the boulders is associated with the presence of s – form. The event responsible for the formation of the berm can easily attributed to the impact of a tsunami with an exceptional wave along the coast of Apulia. In fact it was estimate a 4,04 m high tsunami wave to transport the large boulders of the berm.","event_idevent":1007,"dating_idevent":1007,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1007,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"DGPS; TLS; Hydrodynamics equations","typeofevidence_idevent":1007,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[17.332,40.3617,17.332,40.3617]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.2","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.1147,36.7026]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":2,"sitename":"Pantano Morghella","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2011,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":630,"latitude":36.70259857,"longitude":15.11470032,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1200,"timeall":5250,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"The Pantano Morghella site is a flat wetland, 1.3 km long and 0.8 km wide that was partially used as salt-pans in the recent past. It is a pond surrounded by Upper Cretaceous lavas and volcanoclastic deposits to the south, by limestone as old as Late Cretaceous, to the north, by calcirudite, calcarenites and marls (Miocene and Eocene) and by Pliocene marls to the west (Lentini et al., 1986). In the eastern side Quaternary deposits, consisting of beach sands and 3 m-high partially cemented fossil dunes, separate the wetland from the coast creating a restricted environment favourable for sedimentation and preservation of tsunami deposits. ","sitenotes":"The site presents a  potential connection to the open coast  evidenced by  a narrow (1m large) channel that was cut through the dunes up to the beach for removing the water from the saltpans during the beginning of the 20th century (Marletta, 2002). The pond is usually partially submerged from October to July and it is dry for a short period after summer time. The area experienced modest (±0.2 mm yr−1) long-term vertical coastal movement (Ferranti et al., 2006) and very small (−0.02 and +0.07) Holocene vertical rates (Antonioli et al., 2009).","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1011,"reference_idsite":1011,"authors":"F. Gerardi, A. Smedile, C. Pirrotta, M. S. Barbano, P. M. De Martini, S. Pinzi, A. M. Gueli, G. M. Ristuccia, G. Stella, and S. O. Troja","title":"Geological record of tsunami inundations in Pantano Morghella (south-eastern Sicily) both from near and far-field sources","publication":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.","volume":"12","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2012,"doi":"10.5194/nhess-12-1185-2012","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of tsunami deposits from the Pantano Morghella area provided geological evidence for two inundations occurred along the south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily. Pantano Morghella is a large pond characterised by a fine grained sedimentation indicating a low-energy depositional environment. Two anomalous yellow sandy layers found at different depths indicate the occurrence of high-energy marine inundations. We studied sedimentological and paleontological features of the anomalous deposits as well as their spatial distribution observing the following properties: different facies with respect to the local stratigraphic sequence; erosive bases, rip-up clasts and broken elements testifying violent deposition mechanisms; macro and micro fauna of marine environment; relatively constant thickness throughout most of the depositional zone with thinning at the distal end; large sand sheets that extend inland. These observations, jointly with their infrequency in the sedimentary record and the age indicating a fast deposition, provided strong evidence for tsunami inundations. Correlations between anomalous layers and historical tsunamis are supported by radiocarbon and OSL dating results. The younger deposit is likely due to the 1908 near-source tsunami, whereas the flooding of the oldest event is most likely associated with a far and large source, the Crete 365AD earthquake.","contactname":"F. Gerardi","contactemail":"f.gerardi@unict.it","compiler_idsite":1011,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1011,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"abandoned fluvial plain","typeofsite_idsite":1011,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1011,"depth":1.29999995,"thicknessordimension":0.23999999,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by: distinctive medium – coarse yellow sandy layer with shell fragments and a sharp, possibly erosional, basal contact. It is distributed almost continuously on the gentle topography and extends inland for at least 1200 meters. Its thickness decreases with the distance from the sea and varies between 24 cm in the central part and 3 cm in the westernmost boundary of the pond.","labyoungestagelya":1989,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":350,"youngestcalagemax":600,"laboldestage":1927,"loastddev":50,"oldestcalagemin":270,"oldestcalagemax":530,"preferredagemin":236,"preferredagemax":500,"historicalage":365,"eventdescription":"AMS age determinations were performed  on marine shells (Cerastoderma glaucum ) collected on 4 samples, just above, within and below the sandy layer. The preferred age was calculated using OSL. C14 derived data include measured and calibrated ages (according to Calib REV5.0.2 by Stuiver and Reimer, 2005) of the samples collected in the cores. Radiocarbon measured ages were calibrated  by using both the reservoir correction for marine samples (400 yr according to the calibration dataset marine04.14c, see Calib REV6.0) and the difference ΔR =124±60 yr in reservoir age to accommodate local effects. All luminescence measurements were performed in the PH3DRA laboratory by using Risø TL/OSL DA15 reader (Bøtter-Jensen et al., 2003) equipped with a 1.48 GBq Sr- 90 beta source for irradiation. Quartz fraction purity separated was checked by the exposure to infrared (IR) light (830±10 nm). Stimulation with blue LEDs (470±30 nm) was performed at 125°C for 40 s; the resulting OSL signal was detected through a 7.5mm Hoya U-340 filter. The Single-Aliquot Regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol (Murray and Wintle, 2000, 2003) and double-SAR procedure (d- SAR) (Roberts, 2007; Zhang and Zhou, 2007; Kim et al., 2009) were used for the ED determination on coarse grain quartz (CG) and polymineral fine grains (FG), respectively.","eventnotes":"This event, represented by the sandy layer, was detected in most of the numerous cores dug in the central and western area of the Pantano Morghella pond. The layer thins and becomes  finer grained, better sorted, and skewed increasing the distance from the shore.","event_idevent":1008,"dating_idevent":1011,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1011,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Morphological, archaeological and historical data","typeofevidence_idevent":1011,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.1147,36.7026,15.1147,36.7026]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.3","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.1147,36.7026]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":3,"sitename":"Pantano Morghella","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2011,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":630,"latitude":36.70259857,"longitude":15.11470032,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1200,"timeall":5250,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"The Pantano Morghella site is a flat wetland, 1.3 km long and 0.8 km wide that was partially used as salt-pans in the recent past. It is a pond surrounded by Upper Cretaceous lavas and volcanoclastic deposits to the south, by limestone as old as Late Cretaceous, to the north, by calcirudite, calcarenites and marls (Miocene and Eocene) and by Pliocene marls to the west (Lentini et al., 1986). In the eastern side Quaternary deposits, consisting of beach sands and 3 m-high partially cemented fossil dunes, separate the wetland from the coast creating a restricted environment favourable for sedimentation and preservation of tsunami deposits. ","sitenotes":"The site presents a  potential connection to the open coast  evidenced by  a narrow (1m large) channel that was cut through the dunes up to the beach for removing the water from the saltpans during the beginning of the 20th century (Marletta, 2002). The pond is usually partially submerged from October to July and it is dry for a short period after summer time. The area experienced modest (±0.2 mm yr−1) long-term vertical coastal movement (Ferranti et al., 2006) and very small (−0.02 and +0.07) Holocene vertical rates (Antonioli et al., 2009).","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1011,"reference_idsite":1011,"authors":"F. Gerardi, A. Smedile, C. Pirrotta, M. S. Barbano, P. M. De Martini, S. Pinzi, A. M. Gueli, G. M. Ristuccia, G. Stella, and S. O. Troja","title":"Geological record of tsunami inundations in Pantano Morghella (south-eastern Sicily) both from near and far-field sources","publication":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.","volume":"12","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2012,"doi":"10.5194/nhess-12-1185-2012","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of tsunami deposits from the Pantano Morghella area provided geological evidence for two inundations occurred along the south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily. Pantano Morghella is a large pond characterised by a fine grained sedimentation indicating a low-energy depositional environment. Two anomalous yellow sandy layers found at different depths indicate the occurrence of high-energy marine inundations. We studied sedimentological and paleontological features of the anomalous deposits as well as their spatial distribution observing the following properties: different facies with respect to the local stratigraphic sequence; erosive bases, rip-up clasts and broken elements testifying violent deposition mechanisms; macro and micro fauna of marine environment; relatively constant thickness throughout most of the depositional zone with thinning at the distal end; large sand sheets that extend inland. These observations, jointly with their infrequency in the sedimentary record and the age indicating a fast deposition, provided strong evidence for tsunami inundations. Correlations between anomalous layers and historical tsunamis are supported by radiocarbon and OSL dating results. The younger deposit is likely due to the 1908 near-source tsunami, whereas the flooding of the oldest event is most likely associated with a far and large source, the Crete 365AD earthquake.","contactname":"F. Gerardi","contactemail":"f.gerardi@unict.it","compiler_idsite":1011,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1011,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"abandoned fluvial plain","typeofsite_idsite":1011,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1011,"depth":0.1,"thicknessordimension":0.30000001,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by a yellow sandy layer with silty clay matrix. This layer shows a sharp basal contact, an inland extension of at least 380 m and variable thickness between 3 and 30 cm.","labyoungestagelya":110,"lyastddev":32,"youngestcalagemin":1869,"youngestcalagemax":1933,"laboldestage":582,"loastddev":45,"oldestcalagemin":1640,"oldestcalagemax":1880,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1908,"eventdescription":"LYA from OSL and LOA from radiocarbon dating. AMS age determinations were performed  on marine shells (Cerastoderma glaucum ) collected on one sample just below the sandy layer. C14 derived data include measured and calibrated ages (according to Calib REV5.0.2 by Stuiver and Reimer, 2005) of the samples collected in the cores. Radiocarbon measured ages were calibrated  by using both the reservoir correction for marine samples (400 yr according to the calibration dataset marine 04.14c, see Calib REV6.0) and the difference ΔR =124±60 yr in reservoir age to accommodate local effects. All luminescence measurements were performed in the PH3DRA laboratory by using Risø TL/OSL DA15 reader (Bøtter-Jensen et al., 2003) equipped with a 1.48 GBq Sr- 90 beta source for irradiation. Quartz fraction purity separated was checked by the exposure to infrared (IR) light (830±10 nm). Stimulation with blue LEDs (470±30 nm) was performed at 125°C for 40 s; the resulting OSL signal was detected through a 7.5mm Hoya U-340 filter. The Single-Aliquot Regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol (Murray and Wintle, 2000, 2003) and double-SAR procedure (d- SAR) (Roberts, 2007; Zhang and Zhou, 2007; Kim et al., 2009) were used for the ED determination on coarse grain quartz (CG) and polymineral fine grains (FG), respectively. Comparing the result of radiocarbon and OSL dating with the historical tsunami catalogue, it is possible to relate this event to the strong tsunami of December 28, 1908.","eventnotes":"The layer, that characterizes this event, was found in the core dug in the eastern part of the Pantano Morghella site and it was observed from 300 m up to 380 m of distance from the coastline.","event_idevent":1009,"dating_idevent":1011,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1011,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Morphological, archaeological and historical data","typeofevidence_idevent":1011,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.1147,36.7026,15.1147,36.7026]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.4","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.5031,41.9045]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":4,"sitename":"Lesina lake North ","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2001,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Foggia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":4500,"latitude":41.90449905,"longitude":15.5031004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1090,"timeall":2756,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The Lesina coastal barrier and lake display a favourable geomorphological setting to preserve a record of the effects related to tsunamis that struck the northern coast of Apulia during the last three thousands years. ","sitenotes":"The most important characteristic of the site is the presence of three washover fans, related with three distinct tsunamis.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1012,"reference_idsite":1012,"authors":"F. Gianfreda, G. Mastronuzzi, P. Sansò","title":"Impact of historical tsunamis on a sandy coastal barrier: an example from the northern Gargano coast, southern Italy.","publication":"Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences","volume":"1","issue":null,"pages":"7","year":2001,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Lesina coastal barrier is characterized by the presence of three wide washover fans. They were formed by three distinct tsunamis which struck the northern coast of the Gargano Promontory (Apulia, Italy) during historical times. A model for their formation is presented. It takes into account the geomorphological data collected and some reports about the effect of recent tsunamis on coastal barriers and beaches. Washover fans were produced by tsunami waves which ran through coseismic cracks developed on dune ridges shaping a narrow, straight and relatively deep trench which constitutes the fan throat. Moreover, each tsunami event most likely caused severe erosion of the coastal barrier, shaping erosive grooves across the dune ridges, causing beach cliffs and causing the nourishment of submarine offshore bars. After the tsunami, a phase of coastal barrier recovery began, forming new dune ridges and closing washover fan throats. Morphological, archeological and radiometric data indicate a pre-Roman age for the oldest event, which was dated at 2430 years BP. The second tsunami struck the Lesina coastal barrier with similar magnitude 1550 years BP; it was caused by the strong earthquake that occurred at Gargano Promontory in the year 493AD as reported by a medieval sacred legend. The smallest and more recent fan formed following the tsunami that hit the northern coast of Gargano on 30 July 1627.","contactname":"P. Sansò","contactemail":"paolo.sanso@unile.it","compiler_idsite":1012,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1012,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1012,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1012,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on  morphological features, represented by Foce San Andrea wash over fan. This fan breaks the lateral continuity of an hold and high dune belt. Foce S. Andrea fan has a radius of 500 meters with its throat closed seaward by a more recent dune belt.","labyoungestagelya":2430,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":-756,"youngestcalagemax":-716,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"AMS radiocarbon age determinations were performed at Geochron Laboratories on pulmonate gastropods. The calibrate age was calculated  using the CALIB 4.3 software (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993). Samples of Helix sp. and Pomatia sp. were collected on the crest of the dune ridges closing the washover fan throats. ","eventnotes":"The site is located in the Lesina Coastal barrier . The lesina coastal barrier is morphologically subdivided into three parallel strips. The oldest strip is represented by the remnants of a high dune belt, that is broken by San Andrea washover fan.","event_idevent":1010,"dating_idevent":1012,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1012,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Morphological, archaeological and historical data","typeofevidence_idevent":1012,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.5031,41.9045,15.5031,41.9045]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.5","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.5031,41.9045]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":5,"sitename":"Lesina lake North ","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2001,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Foggia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":4500,"latitude":41.90449905,"longitude":15.5031004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1090,"timeall":2756,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The Lesina coastal barrier and lake display a favourable geomorphological setting to preserve a record of the effects related to tsunamis that struck the northern coast of Apulia during the last three thousands years. ","sitenotes":"The most important characteristic of the site is the presence of three washover fans, related with three distinct tsunamis.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1012,"reference_idsite":1012,"authors":"F. Gianfreda, G. Mastronuzzi, P. Sansò","title":"Impact of historical tsunamis on a sandy coastal barrier: an example from the northern Gargano coast, southern Italy.","publication":"Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences","volume":"1","issue":null,"pages":"7","year":2001,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Lesina coastal barrier is characterized by the presence of three wide washover fans. They were formed by three distinct tsunamis which struck the northern coast of the Gargano Promontory (Apulia, Italy) during historical times. A model for their formation is presented. It takes into account the geomorphological data collected and some reports about the effect of recent tsunamis on coastal barriers and beaches. Washover fans were produced by tsunami waves which ran through coseismic cracks developed on dune ridges shaping a narrow, straight and relatively deep trench which constitutes the fan throat. Moreover, each tsunami event most likely caused severe erosion of the coastal barrier, shaping erosive grooves across the dune ridges, causing beach cliffs and causing the nourishment of submarine offshore bars. After the tsunami, a phase of coastal barrier recovery began, forming new dune ridges and closing washover fan throats. Morphological, archeological and radiometric data indicate a pre-Roman age for the oldest event, which was dated at 2430 years BP. The second tsunami struck the Lesina coastal barrier with similar magnitude 1550 years BP; it was caused by the strong earthquake that occurred at Gargano Promontory in the year 493AD as reported by a medieval sacred legend. The smallest and more recent fan formed following the tsunami that hit the northern coast of Gargano on 30 July 1627.","contactname":"P. Sansò","contactemail":"paolo.sanso@unile.it","compiler_idsite":1012,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1012,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1012,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1012,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by a washover fan called “Foce cauto”. This fan has a radius of 700 meters. Foce Cauto fan breaks a strip of widely – spaced degraded dune.","labyoungestagelya":1550,"lyastddev":50,"youngestcalagemin":433,"youngestcalagemax":543,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":493,"eventdescription":"AMS radiocarbon age determinations were performed on samples of Helix sp. and Pomatia collected on the crest of the dune ridge closing the washover fan throats.  The calibrate age was calculated  using the CALIB 4.3 software (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993). It’s possible to relate this event to the 493 AD strong tsunamigenic earthquake.","eventnotes":"The site is located in the Lesina coastal barrier. Lesina coastal barrier is morphologically subdivided into three parallel strips. The fan breaks the second strip, characterized by widely – spaced degraded dunes punctuated by shallow grooves without preferential spatial orientation.","event_idevent":1011,"dating_idevent":1012,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1012,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Morphological, archaeological and historical data","typeofevidence_idevent":1012,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.5031,41.9045,15.5031,41.9045]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.6","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.5031,41.9045]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":6,"sitename":"Lesina lake North ","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2001,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Foggia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":4500,"latitude":41.90449905,"longitude":15.5031004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1090,"timeall":2756,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The Lesina coastal barrier and lake display a favourable geomorphological setting to preserve a record of the effects related to tsunamis that struck the northern coast of Apulia during the last three thousands years. ","sitenotes":"The most important characteristic of the site is the presence of three washover fans, related with three distinct tsunamis.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1012,"reference_idsite":1012,"authors":"F. Gianfreda, G. Mastronuzzi, P. Sansò","title":"Impact of historical tsunamis on a sandy coastal barrier: an example from the northern Gargano coast, southern Italy.","publication":"Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences","volume":"1","issue":null,"pages":"7","year":2001,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Lesina coastal barrier is characterized by the presence of three wide washover fans. They were formed by three distinct tsunamis which struck the northern coast of the Gargano Promontory (Apulia, Italy) during historical times. A model for their formation is presented. It takes into account the geomorphological data collected and some reports about the effect of recent tsunamis on coastal barriers and beaches. Washover fans were produced by tsunami waves which ran through coseismic cracks developed on dune ridges shaping a narrow, straight and relatively deep trench which constitutes the fan throat. Moreover, each tsunami event most likely caused severe erosion of the coastal barrier, shaping erosive grooves across the dune ridges, causing beach cliffs and causing the nourishment of submarine offshore bars. After the tsunami, a phase of coastal barrier recovery began, forming new dune ridges and closing washover fan throats. Morphological, archeological and radiometric data indicate a pre-Roman age for the oldest event, which was dated at 2430 years BP. The second tsunami struck the Lesina coastal barrier with similar magnitude 1550 years BP; it was caused by the strong earthquake that occurred at Gargano Promontory in the year 493AD as reported by a medieval sacred legend. The smallest and more recent fan formed following the tsunami that hit the northern coast of Gargano on 30 July 1627.","contactname":"P. Sansò","contactemail":"paolo.sanso@unile.it","compiler_idsite":1012,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1012,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1012,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1012,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by a washover fan near the locality “C. La Torre”. The fan has a radius of 250 meters. C. La Torre fan opens the present shoreline through a narrow trench.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1627,"eventdescription":"There are not age determinations for this event. C. La Torre fan was formed by an event of small intensity, most likely caused by the tsunami that struck the coast of northern Gargano on 30 july 1627.","eventnotes":"The site is located in the Lesina Coastal barrier. The barrier is morphologically subdivided into three parallel strips. This fan breaks the continuity of the latter strip that’s characterized by a close sequence of straight, sharp dunes.","event_idevent":1012,"dating_idevent":1012,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1012,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Morphological, archaeological and historical data","typeofevidence_idevent":1012,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.5031,41.9045,15.5031,41.9045]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.7","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":7,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":3.41000009,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component. These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":-122,"youngestcalagemax":-122,"laboldestage":2680,"loastddev":35,"oldestcalagemin":-435,"oldestcalagemax":-80,"preferredagemin":-350,"preferredagemax":-130,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"YCA derives from tephrachronology. LOA derives from a radiocarbon determination, performed on a marine shell. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests a sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1019,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.8","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":8,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":5.94000006,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component. These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":3270,"lyastddev":35,"youngestcalagemin":-1185,"youngestcalagemax":-810,"laboldestage":4245,"loastddev":35,"oldestcalagemin":-2440,"oldestcalagemax":-2030,"preferredagemin":-1720,"preferredagemax":-1200,"historicalage":-1600,"eventdescription":"LYA and LOA derive from radiocarbon determinations, performed on marine shells, above and below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests a sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core. It’s possible to relate this event to the Santorini tsunami of 3600 BP.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1024,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.9","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":9,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":5.0999999,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component. These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":2925,"lyastddev":35,"youngestcalagemin":-755,"youngestcalagemax":-400,"laboldestage":3270,"loastddev":35,"oldestcalagemin":-1185,"oldestcalagemax":-810,"preferredagemin":-1130,"preferredagemax":-810,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"LYA and LOA derive from radiocarbon determinations, performed on marine shells, above and below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests a sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1023,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.10","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":10,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":4.67999983,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component. These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":2925,"lyastddev":35,"youngestcalagemin":-755,"youngestcalagemax":-400,"laboldestage":3270,"loastddev":35,"oldestcalagemin":-1185,"oldestcalagemax":-810,"preferredagemin":-800,"preferredagemax":-560,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"LYA and LOA derive from radiocarbon determinations, performed on marine shells, above and below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests a sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1022,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.11","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":11,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":4,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component. These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":2680,"lyastddev":35,"youngestcalagemin":-435,"youngestcalagemax":-80,"laboldestage":2925,"loastddev":35,"oldestcalagemin":-755,"oldestcalagemax":-400,"preferredagemin":-580,"preferredagemax":-320,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"LYA and LOA derive from radiocarbon determinations, performed on marine shells, above and below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests a sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1020,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.12","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":12,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":4.23000002,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component. These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":2680,"lyastddev":35,"youngestcalagemin":-435,"youngestcalagemax":-80,"laboldestage":2925,"loastddev":35,"oldestcalagemin":-755,"oldestcalagemax":-400,"preferredagemin":-660,"preferredagemax":-400,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"LYA and LOA derive from radiocarbon determinations, performed on marine shells, above and below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests a sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1021,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.128","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[5.0267,61.596]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":128,"sitename":"Litlevatnet","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Floro","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":61.59600067,"longitude":5.02670002,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":9.5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":7520,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1117,"reference_idsite":1117,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1117,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1117,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1117,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1117,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"Bed of sand, gravel, gyttia followed upward by organic detritus","labyoungestagelya":7360,"lyastddev":110,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1134,"dating_idevent":1117,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1117,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1117,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[5.0267,61.596,5.0267,61.596]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.13","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":13,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":1.71000004,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component. These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":1820,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":570,"youngestcalagemax":855,"laboldestage":1960,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":420,"oldestcalagemax":690,"preferredagemin":430,"preferredagemax":660,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"LYA and LOA derive from radiocarbon determinations, performed on a marine shell and on a marine mollusk, above and below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests a sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1017,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.14","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":14,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":1.25,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component. These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":1655,"lyastddev":35,"youngestcalagemin":715,"youngestcalagemax":1015,"laboldestage":1820,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":570,"oldestcalagemax":855,"preferredagemin":590,"preferredagemax":800,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"LYA and LOA derive from radiocarbon determinations, performed on marine shells above and below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests a sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1016,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.15","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":15,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":0.50999999,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component. These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":1495,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":885,"youngestcalagemax":1200,"laboldestage":1655,"loastddev":35,"oldestcalagemin":715,"oldestcalagemax":1015,"preferredagemin":930,"preferredagemax":1170,"historicalage":1169,"eventdescription":"LYA and LOA derive from radiocarbon determinations, performed on marine shells above and below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests a sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core. It’s possible to relate this event to the strong tsunami of February 4, 1169.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1015,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.16","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":16,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":0.20999999,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component. These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":1495,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":885,"oldestcalagemax":1200,"preferredagemin":1430,"preferredagemax":1810,"historicalage":1693,"eventdescription":"LOA derives from a radiocarbon determination, performed on a marine shell below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests an average sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core, apart from the uppermost 0.5 m where it is lower, 0.4-0.7 mm/yr. It’s possible to relate this event to the strong tsunami of January 11, 1693.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1014,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.129","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[6.2664,62.426]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":129,"sitename":"Raudavatnet","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Sula","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":62.42599869,"longitude":6.26639986,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":20,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"9.5 m above sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1118,"reference_idsite":1118,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1118,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1118,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1118,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1118,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.69999999,"evidencedescription":"Coarse sand to fine gravel with shell fragments and organic detritus upwards","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1135,"dating_idevent":1118,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1118,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1118,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[6.2664,62.426,6.2664,62.426]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.17","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":17,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":0.08,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera with abundance >25% of the total assemblage and of a relative increase in the fine sand component . These characteristics were interpreted as evidence for an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":1495,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":885,"oldestcalagemax":1200,"preferredagemin":1820,"preferredagemax":1920,"historicalage":1908,"eventdescription":"LOA derives from a radiocarbon determination, performed on a marine shell below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests an average sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core, apart from the uppermost 0.5 m where it is lower, 0.4-0.7 mm/yr. It’s possible to relate this event to the strong tsunami of December 28, 1908.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1013,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.18","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2531,37.2114]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":18,"sitename":"Augusta Bay offshore","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.21139908,"longitude":15.2531004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-72,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":2300,"timeall":4440,"numofevents":12,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Augusta Bay offshore. In particular the site takes place in the northern part of the bay that is characterized by wider shelf and fine - grained lithologies. These lithologies likely represent the Holocene stratigraphic record.","sitenotes":"The type of site consists in a 6,7 m long sediment gravity core, collected about 2 km off the coastline, at depth of 72 meters. This core was sited in a low energy environment with a monotonous deposition dominated by fine – grained deposits.","timestamp":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1013,"reference_idsite":1013,"authors":"A. Smedile , P.M. De Martini , D. Pantosti , L. Bellucci , P. Del Carlo , L. Gasperini , C. Pirrotta, A. Polonia , E. Boschi ","title":"Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"281","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2011,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2011.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve anomalous layers, marked by a high concentration of displaced epiphytic foraminifera (species growing in vegetated substrates like the Posidonia oceanica) and subtle grain-size changes were found in a 6.7 m long, fine sediment core (MS-06), sampled 2 km off the shore of the Augusta Harbor (Eastern Sicily) at a depth of 72 m, recording the past 4500 yrs of deposition. Because concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not expected at −72 m, we believe that these anomalous layers might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. Our approach involved the study of geophysical data (morphobathymetry, seismic reflection, and seafloor reflectivity) and sediment samples, including X-ray imaging, physical properties, isotopic dating, tephrochronology, grain-size and micropaleontology. Correlations between anomalous layers and tsunami events have been supported by a multivariate analysis on benthic foraminifera assemblage and dates of historical tsunami records. We found that four out of the eleven layers were embedded in age intervals encompassing the dates of major tsunamis that hit eastern Sicily (1908, 1693, and 1169) and the broader Eastern Mediterranean (Santorini at about BP 3600). One more layer, even if less distinct than the others, was also defined and may be the evidence for the AD 365 Crete tsunami.","contactname":"A. Smedile","contactemail":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1013,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1013,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1013,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1013,"depth":2.20000005,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a stratigraphic interval characterized by the presence of displaced epiphytic foraminifera and a consistent sandy input. These characteristics were interpreted as an high energy event.","labyoungestagelya":1960,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":420,"youngestcalagemax":690,"laboldestage":2330,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":-20,"oldestcalagemax":325,"preferredagemin":90,"preferredagemax":370,"historicalage":365,"eventdescription":"LYA and LOA derive from radiocarbon determinations, performed on a marine mollusk and on a marine shell, above and below the stratigraphic interval. Age was corrected according to the radiocarbon calibration programs OxCal 4.1 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using a marine calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2009) with a ΔR of 124±60. To obtain the preferred age it was adopted a P_Sequence depositional model where there are: uncalibrated 14C ages and their relative sample depths; 210Pb derived ages (as calibrated ages); Etna tephra age (expressed as calendar age to be integrated with 14C ages) and relative depth; a boundary limit at the base of the tephra. The model suggests a sedimentation rate of 1.7-2.1 mm/yr for the entire core. It’ s possible to relate this event to the strong tsunami of July 21, 365.","eventnotes":"Concentrations of epiphytic foraminifera are quite common in infralittoral zones, but not at -72 m of depth. Their presence might be related to the occurrence of tsunamis causing substantial uprooting and seaward displacement of P. oceanica blades with their benthic biota. The mechanism of transportation seems to be a tsunami backwash wave.","event_idevent":1018,"dating_idevent":1013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1013,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2531,37.2114,15.2531,37.2114]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.19","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2335,37.2454]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":19,"sitename":"Augusta Hospital","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":375,"latitude":37.24539948,"longitude":15.23349953,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":460,"timeall":2975,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the Augusta bay area. The Augusta Hospital site is located to the NE of the bay, in a small inlet delimited to the W by the N–S trending island where the old Augusta town was built. The Augusta Bay area is a natural gulf, about 15 km wide and with a 25 km-long shoreline, located along the Ionian coast of the Hyblean mountain range. Apart from Holocene and Late Pleistocene alluvial and fluvial deposits, the lithologies outcropping in the area are dominated by coarse sands, calcarenites and limestone as old as Late Cretaceous.","sitenotes":"The site is placed on an alluvial surface (1 to 5 m a.s.l.) gently dipping to the SW, towards a large salt marsh (0.3 km²) bounding the sea.","timestamp":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1026,"reference_idsite":1026,"authors":"P.M. De Martini,  M.S. Barbano,  A. Smedile,  F. Gerardi,  D. Pantosti,  P. Del Carlo,  C. Pirrotta","title":"A unique 4000 year long geological record of multiple tsunami inundations in the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily, Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"276","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2010,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We present the geological evidence for a 4000 year long record of multiple tsunami inundations along the coast of the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily) and discuss its implications. The research was carried out through a multi-theme approach which benefited from an extraordinarily long historical record that we used to guide detailed geomorphologic and geologic surveys, coring campaigns and laboratory analyses. Two sites, named the Augusta Hospital and Priolo Reserve, were selected and investigated in detail along the 25 km-long coastline of Augusta Bay. We found evidence for six (possibly seven) tsunami deposits; three of them may be tentatively associated with the 1693 and 365 AD Ionian Sea historical tsunamis and the ~3600 BP Santorini event. The other three (possibly four) deposits are evidence for unknown paleo-inundations dated at about 650–770 AD, 600–400 BC and 975–800 BC (at Augusta Hospital site), and 800–600 BC (at Priolo Reserve site). We use these ages to extend further back the historical record of tsunamis available for this coastal area. The exceptional number of tsunami deposits found with this study allowed us to derive an average geologic tsunami recurrence interval in the Augusta Bay of about 600 years for the past 4 ka. Conversely, the historical tsunami data for the past millennium suggest an average tsunami recurrence interval of about 250 years. This difference in the average recurrence intervals suggests that only the strongest inundations may leave recognizable geological signatures at the investigated sites (i.e. the evidence for the 1908 and 1169 tsunamis is missing) but also that the geomorphological setting of the site and its erosional/ depositional history are critical aspects for the data recording. Thus, an average recurrence interval derived from the geological record should be considered as a minimum figure. The identification and age estimation of tsunami deposits represent a new and independent contribution to tsunami scenarios and modeling for coastal hazard assessment in Civil Protection applications. Furthermore, our study cases provide new elements on tsunami deposit recognition related to exceptionally large events that occurred in the Aegean Sea. ","contactname":"P.M. De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1026,"name":"paolomarco","surname":"de martini","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1026,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Alluvial surface","typeofsite_idsite":1026,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1026,"depth":0.80000001,"thicknessordimension":0.2,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by a layer characterized by a gray – greenish clayey fine sand with a vegetated substrate (called AU-00). The layer contains abundant marine benthic forams, not always well preserved, rare entire gastropods (Pirenella conica, Planorbis sp.) and ostracods, important amount of shell fragments and vegetal remains.","labyoungestagelya":1320,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":650,"youngestcalagemax":770,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":650,"preferredagemax":770,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determination was performed on a Charcoal sampled within the studied layer. For the calibrated ages it was used calib REV5.0.2 by Stuvier and Reimer, 2005.","eventnotes":"This layer represents a high energy deposit of clear marine origin and shows an abrupt environmental change from alluvial to marine. It was hypothesize that this event was related to a tsunami or to a local earthquake that induced a change in the morphology of the shoreline and the disruption of the sand spit protecting this low energy depositional area.","event_idevent":1025,"dating_idevent":1026,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1026,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1026,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2335,37.2454,15.2335,37.2454]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.20","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2335,37.2454]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":20,"sitename":"Augusta Hospital","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":375,"latitude":37.24539948,"longitude":15.23349953,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":460,"timeall":2975,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the Augusta bay area. The Augusta Hospital site is located to the NE of the bay, in a small inlet delimited to the W by the N–S trending island where the old Augusta town was built. The Augusta Bay area is a natural gulf, about 15 km wide and with a 25 km-long shoreline, located along the Ionian coast of the Hyblean mountain range. Apart from Holocene and Late Pleistocene alluvial and fluvial deposits, the lithologies outcropping in the area are dominated by coarse sands, calcarenites and limestone as old as Late Cretaceous.","sitenotes":"The site is placed on an alluvial surface (1 to 5 m a.s.l.) gently dipping to the SW, towards a large salt marsh (0.3 km²) bounding the sea.","timestamp":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1026,"reference_idsite":1026,"authors":"P.M. De Martini,  M.S. Barbano,  A. Smedile,  F. Gerardi,  D. Pantosti,  P. Del Carlo,  C. Pirrotta","title":"A unique 4000 year long geological record of multiple tsunami inundations in the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily, Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"276","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2010,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We present the geological evidence for a 4000 year long record of multiple tsunami inundations along the coast of the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily) and discuss its implications. The research was carried out through a multi-theme approach which benefited from an extraordinarily long historical record that we used to guide detailed geomorphologic and geologic surveys, coring campaigns and laboratory analyses. Two sites, named the Augusta Hospital and Priolo Reserve, were selected and investigated in detail along the 25 km-long coastline of Augusta Bay. We found evidence for six (possibly seven) tsunami deposits; three of them may be tentatively associated with the 1693 and 365 AD Ionian Sea historical tsunamis and the ~3600 BP Santorini event. The other three (possibly four) deposits are evidence for unknown paleo-inundations dated at about 650–770 AD, 600–400 BC and 975–800 BC (at Augusta Hospital site), and 800–600 BC (at Priolo Reserve site). We use these ages to extend further back the historical record of tsunamis available for this coastal area. The exceptional number of tsunami deposits found with this study allowed us to derive an average geologic tsunami recurrence interval in the Augusta Bay of about 600 years for the past 4 ka. Conversely, the historical tsunami data for the past millennium suggest an average tsunami recurrence interval of about 250 years. This difference in the average recurrence intervals suggests that only the strongest inundations may leave recognizable geological signatures at the investigated sites (i.e. the evidence for the 1908 and 1169 tsunamis is missing) but also that the geomorphological setting of the site and its erosional/ depositional history are critical aspects for the data recording. Thus, an average recurrence interval derived from the geological record should be considered as a minimum figure. The identification and age estimation of tsunami deposits represent a new and independent contribution to tsunami scenarios and modeling for coastal hazard assessment in Civil Protection applications. Furthermore, our study cases provide new elements on tsunami deposit recognition related to exceptionally large events that occurred in the Aegean Sea. ","contactname":"P.M. De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1026,"name":"paolomarco","surname":"de martini","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1026,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Alluvial surface","typeofsite_idsite":1026,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1026,"depth":1.60000002,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is characterized by a gravel layer (called AU – 01) made by some sub – angular carbonatic clast (up to 3 cm in size) and by rare reworked foraminifera, shell fragments and pottery within a dark gray brownish fine silt, rich in vegetal remains; it presents a sharp most probably erosional, basal contact.","labyoungestagelya":1960,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":-40,"youngestcalagemax":120,"laboldestage":2685,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":-900,"oldestcalagemax":-800,"preferredagemin":-600,"preferredagemax":-400,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determinations were performed on samples of peat, located just above and just below the studied layer. The preferred age was calculated on the basis of the assumption of constant sedimentation rate. For the calibrated ages it was used calib REV5.0.2 by Stuvier and Reimer, 2005.","eventnotes":"This layer represents a high energy deposit of clear marine origin (planktonic and rare marine benthic foraminifera have been found) within a brackish lagoonal environments. This layer is also followed by a sudden change in depositional environment from brackish lagoon to slope alluvium, probably related to a modification of the local morphological conditions.","event_idevent":1026,"dating_idevent":1026,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1026,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1026,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2335,37.2454,15.2335,37.2454]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.130","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[6.2631,62.4385]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":130,"sitename":"Djupvikvatnet","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Sula","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":70,"latitude":62.43849945,"longitude":6.26310015,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":20,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"9.5 m above sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1119,"reference_idsite":1119,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1119,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1119,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1119,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1119,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.40000001,"evidencedescription":"Fining-upwards sand in marine silt/sand","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1136,"dating_idevent":1119,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1119,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1119,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[6.2631,62.4385,6.2631,62.4385]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.21","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2335,37.2454]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":21,"sitename":"Augusta Hospital","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":375,"latitude":37.24539948,"longitude":15.23349953,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":460,"timeall":2975,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the Augusta bay area. The Augusta Hospital site is located to the NE of the bay, in a small inlet delimited to the W by the N–S trending island where the old Augusta town was built. The Augusta Bay area is a natural gulf, about 15 km wide and with a 25 km-long shoreline, located along the Ionian coast of the Hyblean mountain range. Apart from Holocene and Late Pleistocene alluvial and fluvial deposits, the lithologies outcropping in the area are dominated by coarse sands, calcarenites and limestone as old as Late Cretaceous.","sitenotes":"The site is placed on an alluvial surface (1 to 5 m a.s.l.) gently dipping to the SW, towards a large salt marsh (0.3 km²) bounding the sea.","timestamp":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1026,"reference_idsite":1026,"authors":"P.M. De Martini,  M.S. Barbano,  A. Smedile,  F. Gerardi,  D. Pantosti,  P. Del Carlo,  C. Pirrotta","title":"A unique 4000 year long geological record of multiple tsunami inundations in the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily, Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"276","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2010,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We present the geological evidence for a 4000 year long record of multiple tsunami inundations along the coast of the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily) and discuss its implications. The research was carried out through a multi-theme approach which benefited from an extraordinarily long historical record that we used to guide detailed geomorphologic and geologic surveys, coring campaigns and laboratory analyses. Two sites, named the Augusta Hospital and Priolo Reserve, were selected and investigated in detail along the 25 km-long coastline of Augusta Bay. We found evidence for six (possibly seven) tsunami deposits; three of them may be tentatively associated with the 1693 and 365 AD Ionian Sea historical tsunamis and the ~3600 BP Santorini event. The other three (possibly four) deposits are evidence for unknown paleo-inundations dated at about 650–770 AD, 600–400 BC and 975–800 BC (at Augusta Hospital site), and 800–600 BC (at Priolo Reserve site). We use these ages to extend further back the historical record of tsunamis available for this coastal area. The exceptional number of tsunami deposits found with this study allowed us to derive an average geologic tsunami recurrence interval in the Augusta Bay of about 600 years for the past 4 ka. Conversely, the historical tsunami data for the past millennium suggest an average tsunami recurrence interval of about 250 years. This difference in the average recurrence intervals suggests that only the strongest inundations may leave recognizable geological signatures at the investigated sites (i.e. the evidence for the 1908 and 1169 tsunamis is missing) but also that the geomorphological setting of the site and its erosional/ depositional history are critical aspects for the data recording. Thus, an average recurrence interval derived from the geological record should be considered as a minimum figure. The identification and age estimation of tsunami deposits represent a new and independent contribution to tsunami scenarios and modeling for coastal hazard assessment in Civil Protection applications. Furthermore, our study cases provide new elements on tsunami deposit recognition related to exceptionally large events that occurred in the Aegean Sea. ","contactname":"P.M. De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1026,"name":"paolomarco","surname":"de martini","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1026,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Alluvial surface","typeofsite_idsite":1026,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1026,"depth":1.85000002,"thicknessordimension":0.08,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is characterized by a yellowish bioclastic layer (called AU – 02) composed by few whole gastropods (Hydrobia spp., P. conica), abundant shell fragments (mollusks, corals and echinoderms), few ostracods, often broken benthic (Ammonia spp., Bolivina sp., Cassidulina laevigata, Cibicides lobatulus, Haynesina germanica, Pullenia bulloides, Rosalina spp., miliolids) and few badly preserved planktonic (Globigerina spp., Globigerinoides spp., Globorotalia inflata, Turborotalita quinqueloba) foraminifera.; this layer shows a sharp erosional basal contact and no evidence for layering or grading.","labyoungestagelya":2685,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":-900,"youngestcalagemax":-800,"laboldestage":2745,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":-975,"oldestcalagemax":-820,"preferredagemin":-975,"preferredagemax":-800,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determinations are based on three samples collected just above, within and below the bioclastic layer. The ages of these samples are close in time, although collected at different depth, suggesting the hypothesis of a sudden inundation.  For the calibrated ages it was used calib REV5.0.2 by Stuvier and Reimer, 2005. It was adopted the difference ΔR=124±77 years in reservoir age of the study region to accommodate local effects and the reservoir correction for marine samples.","eventnotes":"This layer represents a high energy deposit of clear marine origin within a brackish lagoonal environments.","event_idevent":1027,"dating_idevent":1026,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1026,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1026,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2335,37.2454,15.2335,37.2454]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.22","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2543,36.9809]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":22,"sitename":"Ognina South","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":50,"latitude":36.98089981,"longitude":15.25430012,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":80,"timeall":1730,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the innermost part of a narrow embayment of Ognina, about 20 km south of Siracusa. ","sitenotes":"In particular, the site is characterized by a natural section located on the edge of a narrow coastal embayment incised within Miocene limestone. This geomorphological setting is called “ria”. Within this ria, a fossilized Holocene beach-barrier system lying unconformably onto the Miocene calcareous bedrock, has been preserved by marine erosion. The Ognina section is ENE-WSW oriented, 20 m long and 0.3–1.8 m thick. It shows a stratigraphic sequence made of fine to coarse grained sediments that can be divided into three stratal units.","timestamp":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1027,"reference_idsite":1027,"authors":"G. Scicchitano, B. Costa, A. Di Stefano, S.G. Longhitano and C. Monaco","title":"Tsunami and storm deposits preserved within a ria-type rocky coastal setting (Siracusa, SE Sicily)","publication":"Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie","volume":"54","issue":null,"pages":"27","year":2010,"doi":"10.1127/0372-8854/2010/0054S3-0000","url":null,"abstract":"Sedimentological and palaeoecological observations, accompanied by archaeological determinations and absolute dating, have been carried out on a recent beach-barrier system succession located 20 km south of Siracusa, south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily (Italy). These deposits fill the back edge of a ria incised within Miocene limestones and are composed of three main stratal units characterized by distinct sedimentological features. The two lower units, formed by cross-bedded sands and laminated clays, recorded the development of a small confined beach- barrier depositional system, influenced by frequent high-energy events. The upper unit, represented by chaotic coarser sediments, can be attributed to a destructive marine high-energy event. The physical properties of the composing stratal units and the morphological setting of the study area allowed us to reconstruct a suite of storm- and tsunami-related marine depositional processes that might have occurred in recent times along this area of elevated seismicity. In particular, absolute dating and archaeological determinations allow correlating the upper unit to a tsunami wave triggered by the 1693 AD catastrophic earthquake. The same depositional mechanism can also account for some of the coarse levels occurring into the underlying stratal units.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1027,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1027,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"Ria-type","typeofsite_idsite":1027,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1027,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by a stratal unit with a basal bounding surface that extends irregularly over the underlying units, showing deep erosion. This stratal unit corresponds to a widespread wedge of coarse to very coarse sands and granules, containing many pebbles and shell fragments. It’s present a highly variable grain size of clasts and a chaotic mixture of shallow marine water fossils. The whole strata unit can be subdivided in two sub-units with the presence of an internal organization with seaward and landward – dipping laminations","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":1340,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":1000,"oldestcalagemax":1160,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1693,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a sample of cerastoderma sp  just below the tsunami sedimentary sequence. The results of the AMS analyses were calibrated using the CALIB 5.0 software (Stuiver and Reimer 1993; Stuiver et al. 2005) whose marine calibration incorporates a time – dependent global ocean reservoir correction of about 400 years. Archaeological determinations were performed on earthen- ware fragments and constrain the age of this unit at the passage between the XVII and XVIII centuries. This event can be related to the large tsunami of January 11, 1693.","eventnotes":"The internal organization of sedimentary sequence in two sub-units, each composed by clinostrata, suggests that the tsunami was not represented by a single event but by multiple waves that struck the coast during a short time interval.","event_idevent":1028,"dating_idevent":1027,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1027,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1027,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2543,36.9809,15.2543,36.9809]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.23","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2641,36.9839]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":23,"sitename":"Ognina","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":1110,"latitude":36.98389816,"longitude":15.26410007,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":35,"timeall":1179,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Ognina site is represented by three promontories located 10 km south of Siracusa. The coast is mostly characterized by rocky platforms gently sloping seaward carved on Pleistocene calcarenites and placed between 0,5 and 3 m a.s.l.","sitenotes":"In particular seaward, the near-shore sea bottom topography is characterized by a nearly regular slight slope down to -9 m and by a step at -12/-21 m.","timestamp":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1028,"reference_idsite":1028,"authors":"Giovanni Scicchitano, Carmelo Monaco, Luigi Tortorici","title":"Large boulder deposits by tsunami waves along the Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily (Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"238","issue":null,"pages":"17","year":2007,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.005 ","url":null,"abstract":"The Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily, between the towns of Augusta and Siracusa, is characterized by the occurrence of anomalous calcareous boulders. They are mostly scattered along large terraces located 2–5 m above sea level, gently sloping towards the sea. Boulders are up to 182 t in weight and are arranged either in isolated elements or small groups composed of a few stacked elements. Several boulders show biogenic encrustations (serpulids, balanids, lithophaga) all over their surface which suggest that they were dragged from the mid-sublittoral zone. Other boulders are partially covered by biogenic encrustations and show morphological features (karstic pools, exposed fracture surfaces) suggesting that they were detached and scattered from the mid-supralittoral zone. Direct observations on each boulder (distance from the shoreline, size and weight), together with statistical analysis of the storm regime of the area, allowed to operate hydrodynamic estimations useful to verify if tsunami or storm waves were responsible for their detachment and transport, while radiocarbon age determinations on marine organisms constrained the timing. Collected data, compared to historical catalogues, suggest that in the last 1000 years three seismic events with local sources could have triggered tsunami waves associated with the boulder deposits occurring in the area. The first two were probably triggered by the earthquakes of February 4, 1169 and January 11, 1693 which destroyed south-eastern Sicily. According to geological data and numerical modelling, the seismogenic source could be located in the Ionian offshore between Catania and Siracusa. The third tsunami was generated by the strong earthquake which took place in the Strait of Messina on December 28, 1908.","contactname":"C. Monaco","contactemail":"cmonaco@unict.it ","compiler_idsite":1028,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1028,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1028,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1028,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":5,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is characterized by a boulders accumulation, isolated large boulders and imbricated slabs scattered at a distance up to 35 m from the coast. Most boulders show encrustation of balanid and serpulid and lithophaga holes. The distribution of the A – axis direction is dispersed around NNE-SSW and E-W orientations. ","labyoungestagelya":1514,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":821,"youngestcalagemax":947,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1169,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determinations were performed on a sample of serpulid collected on a boulder. The calibration of radiocarbon determinations was carried out using the program Calib 5 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993; Stuiver et al., 2005) for the marine environment with 402 years reservoir age. In particular, thanks to hydrodynamic considerations and historical chronicles, it’s possible to relate this event to the very strong tsunami occurred during the February 4, 1169 earthquake (Intensity=4; Tinti et al., 2004).  The seismogenic source could be located in the Ionian offshore between Catania and Siracusa.","eventnotes":"Boulders present the occurrence of exposed fracture surfaces on at least two sides and the biogenic encrustation on the other sides. This suggests that they were carved out from the shoreline platform edge (midlittoral zone), along strata planes and joints.","event_idevent":1029,"dating_idevent":1028,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1028,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1028,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2641,36.9839,15.2641,36.9839]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.24","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2347,37.1573]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":24,"sitename":"Magnisi Peninsula","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":460,"latitude":37.15729904,"longitude":15.2347002,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":33,"timeall":634,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The Magnisi Peninsula is located in the middle of the Augusta Gulf, south of the harbor. It is formed by a flat and low (maximum 20 m a.s.l.) horst gently tilted to the ENE, constituted by fractured Miocene calcarenites (unit weight=2.13 g/cm3) and linked to the dry land by a Holocene tombolo.","sitenotes":"In particular the site is composed by a rocky platform placed between 2 and 5 m a.s.l. Seawards, the near-shore sea bottom topography is characterized by a regular slight slope joining to a sandy plane placed at a depth of −12 m.","timestamp":"2014-12-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1032,"reference_idsite":1032,"authors":"Giovanni Scicchitano, Carmelo Monaco, Luigi Tortorici","title":"Large boulder deposits by tsunami waves along the Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily (Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"238","issue":null,"pages":"17","year":2007,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.005 ","url":null,"abstract":"The Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily, between the towns of Augusta and Siracusa, is characterized by the occurrence of anomalous calcareous boulders. They are mostly scattered along large terraces located 2–5 m above sea level, gently sloping towards the sea. Boulders are up to 182 t in weight and are arranged either in isolated elements or small groups composed of a few stacked elements. Several boulders show biogenic encrustations (serpulids, balanids, lithophaga) all over their surface which suggest that they were dragged from the mid-sublittoral zone. Other boulders are partially covered by biogenic encrustations and show morphological features (karstic pools, exposed fracture surfaces) suggesting that they were detached and scattered from the mid-supralittoral zone. Direct observations on each boulder (distance from the shoreline, size and weight), together with statistical analysis of the storm regime of the area, allowed to operate hydrodynamic estimations useful to verify if tsunami or storm waves were responsible for their detachment and transport, while radiocarbon age determinations on marine organisms constrained the timing. Collected data, compared to historical catalogues, suggest that in the last 1000 years three seismic events with local sources could have triggered tsunami waves associated with the boulder deposits occurring in the area. The first two were probably triggered by the earthquakes of February 4, 1169 and January 11, 1693 which destroyed south-eastern Sicily. According to geological data and numerical modelling, the seismogenic source could be located in the Ionian offshore between Catania and Siracusa. The third tsunami was generated by the strong earthquake which took place in the Strait of Messina on December 28, 1908.","contactname":"C. Monaco","contactemail":"cmonaco@unict.it ","compiler_idsite":1032,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1032,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1032,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1032,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":3.4000001,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on isolated large boulders of 8 – 16 t in weight and on a boulders accumulations, composed of single element of maximum 2.5 t in weight, scattered on a rocky platform. ","labyoungestagelya":1038,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":1366,"youngestcalagemax":1384,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1693,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determination was performed on  a sample of serpulid, collected on a large boulder. The sample was calibrated using the program Calib 5 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993; Stuiver et al., 2005) for the marine environment with 402 years reservoir age. The authors attribute the event to the very strong tsunami occurred during the January 11, 1693. The seismogenic source could be located in the Ionian offshore between Catania and Siracusa.","eventnotes":"The detailed morphological analysis of blocks revealed the general occurrence of exposed fracture surfaces on at least two sides. On the contrary, the other sides are characterized by balanid and serpulid encrustations, lithophaga holes  or by karstic rock pools on sloping floors (the upper side at first). All these features suggest that they were carved out from the shoreline platform edge (mid-supralittoral zone), along strata planes and joints, and turned over during the transport.","event_idevent":1030,"dating_idevent":1032,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1032,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Hydrodynamic considerations","typeofevidence_idevent":1032,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2347,37.1573,15.2347,37.1573]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.131","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[6.2491,62.4307]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":131,"sitename":"Rotevatnet","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Sula","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":300,"latitude":62.43072128,"longitude":6.249125,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":21.5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"10.5 m above sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1120,"reference_idsite":1120,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1120,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1120,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1120,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1120,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"Fining-upwards sand in lacustrine mud","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1137,"dating_idevent":1120,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1120,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1120,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[6.2491,62.4307,6.2491,62.4307]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.25","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.3148,37.0354]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":25,"sitename":"Maddalena Peninsula","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":450,"latitude":37.03540039,"longitude":15.31480026,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":70,"timeall":620,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"Maddalena peninsula is located south of the Siracusa natural harbor. The peninsula is a calcareous semi-horst gently tilted to the ENE, formed by Miocene sediments that along the coast are unconformably covered by Pleistocene calcarenites (unitweight= 2.28 g/cm3). ","sitenotes":"In particular the site is represented by a large terrace located 5 meters above sea level,  gently sloping towards the sea. The shoreline is marked by a steep cliff to −5 m; the near-shore sea bottom topography is irregular, being characterized by two steps at −6/−10 m and at −10/−32 m.","timestamp":"2014-12-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1033,"reference_idsite":1033,"authors":"Giovanni Scicchitano, Carmelo Monaco, Luigi Tortorici","title":"Large boulder deposits by tsunami waves along the Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily (Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"238","issue":null,"pages":"17","year":2007,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.005 ","url":null,"abstract":"The Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily, between the towns of Augusta and Siracusa, is characterized by the occurrence of anomalous calcareous boulders. They are mostly scattered along large terraces located 2–5 m above sea level, gently sloping towards the sea. Boulders are up to 182 t in weight and are arranged either in isolated elements or small groups composed of a few stacked elements. Several boulders show biogenic encrustations (serpulids, balanids, lithophaga) all over their surface which suggest that they were dragged from the mid-sublittoral zone. Other boulders are partially covered by biogenic encrustations and show morphological features (karstic pools, exposed fracture surfaces) suggesting that they were detached and scattered from the mid-supralittoral zone. Direct observations on each boulder (distance from the shoreline, size and weight), together with statistical analysis of the storm regime of the area, allowed to operate hydrodynamic estimations useful to verify if tsunami or storm waves were responsible for their detachment and transport, while radiocarbon age determinations on marine organisms constrained the timing. Collected data, compared to historical catalogues, suggest that in the last 1000 years three seismic events with local sources could have triggered tsunami waves associated with the boulder deposits occurring in the area. The first two were probably triggered by the earthquakes of February 4, 1169 and January 11, 1693 which destroyed south-eastern Sicily. According to geological data and numerical modelling, the seismogenic source could be located in the Ionian offshore between Catania and Siracusa. The third tsunami was generated by the strong earthquake which took place in the Strait of Messina on December 28, 1908.","contactname":"C. Monaco","contactemail":"cmonaco@unict.it ","compiler_idsite":1033,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1033,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1033,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1033,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":3.5999999,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a boulders accumulation, in particular three boulders. The direction of the A-axis N140E, N90E, N20E. Boulders are smoothed and completely encrusted by marine organisms living in the mid-infra littoral zone as serpulids.","labyoungestagelya":530,"lyastddev":38,"youngestcalagemin":1705,"youngestcalagemax":1833,"laboldestage":552,"loastddev":36,"oldestcalagemin":1701,"oldestcalagemax":1809,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1908,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determinations were performed on marine biogenic encrustations. The calibration of radiocarbon determinations was carried out using the program Calib 5 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993; Stuiver et al., 2005) for the marine environment with 402 years reservoir age. In particular, thanks to hydrodynamic considerations and historical chronicles it’s possible to relate this event to the strong tsunami of December 28, 1908. ","eventnotes":"Boulders are encrusted by marine organisms living in the mid-infra littoral zone as serpulids. This suggests a submerged pre- transport setting.","event_idevent":1031,"dating_idevent":1033,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1033,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1033,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.3148,37.0354,15.3148,37.0354]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.26","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.3148,37.0354]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":26,"sitename":"Maddalena Peninsula","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":450,"latitude":37.03540039,"longitude":15.31480026,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":70,"timeall":620,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"Maddalena peninsula is located south of the Siracusa natural harbor. The peninsula is a calcareous semi-horst gently tilted to the ENE, formed by Miocene sediments that along the coast are unconformably covered by Pleistocene calcarenites (unitweight= 2.28 g/cm3). ","sitenotes":"In particular the site is represented by a large terrace located 5 meters above sea level,  gently sloping towards the sea. The shoreline is marked by a steep cliff to −5 m; the near-shore sea bottom topography is irregular, being characterized by two steps at −6/−10 m and at −10/−32 m.","timestamp":"2014-12-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1033,"reference_idsite":1033,"authors":"Giovanni Scicchitano, Carmelo Monaco, Luigi Tortorici","title":"Large boulder deposits by tsunami waves along the Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily (Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"238","issue":null,"pages":"17","year":2007,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.005 ","url":null,"abstract":"The Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily, between the towns of Augusta and Siracusa, is characterized by the occurrence of anomalous calcareous boulders. They are mostly scattered along large terraces located 2–5 m above sea level, gently sloping towards the sea. Boulders are up to 182 t in weight and are arranged either in isolated elements or small groups composed of a few stacked elements. Several boulders show biogenic encrustations (serpulids, balanids, lithophaga) all over their surface which suggest that they were dragged from the mid-sublittoral zone. Other boulders are partially covered by biogenic encrustations and show morphological features (karstic pools, exposed fracture surfaces) suggesting that they were detached and scattered from the mid-supralittoral zone. Direct observations on each boulder (distance from the shoreline, size and weight), together with statistical analysis of the storm regime of the area, allowed to operate hydrodynamic estimations useful to verify if tsunami or storm waves were responsible for their detachment and transport, while radiocarbon age determinations on marine organisms constrained the timing. Collected data, compared to historical catalogues, suggest that in the last 1000 years three seismic events with local sources could have triggered tsunami waves associated with the boulder deposits occurring in the area. The first two were probably triggered by the earthquakes of February 4, 1169 and January 11, 1693 which destroyed south-eastern Sicily. According to geological data and numerical modelling, the seismogenic source could be located in the Ionian offshore between Catania and Siracusa. The third tsunami was generated by the strong earthquake which took place in the Strait of Messina on December 28, 1908.","contactname":"C. Monaco","contactemail":"cmonaco@unict.it ","compiler_idsite":1033,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1033,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1033,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1033,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":5.5,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on an isolated boulder, located on a large terrace 5 meters a.s.l. This boulder has an A-axis direction of N150E and distance from the coast of 40 meters.","labyoungestagelya":960,"lyastddev":41,"youngestcalagemin":1380,"youngestcalagemax":1433,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1963,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determination was performed on a marine biogenic encrustation of serpulids, collected on the boulder. The calibration of radiocarbon determinations was carried out using the program Calib 5 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993; Stuiver et al., 2005) for the marine environment with 402 years reservoir age. In particular, thanks to hydrodynamic considerations and historical chronicles it’s possible to relate this event to the very strong tsunami occurred during the January 11, 1693 destructive earthquake (Intensity=5; Tinti et al., 2004), which was recorded all along the eastern coast of Sicily and in the Island of Malta (Anonymous, 1693; Boccone, 1697; Bottone, 1718; Baratta, 1901; Piatanesi and Tinti, 1998; Tinti and Armigliato, 2003) . The seismogenic source could be located in the Ionian offshore between Catania and Siracusa.","eventnotes":"This boulder presents the occurrence of exposed fracture surfaces on at least two sides and the biogenic encrustation on the other sides. This suggests that it was carved out from the shoreline platform edge (midlittoral zone), along strata planes and joints.","event_idevent":1032,"dating_idevent":1033,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1033,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1033,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.3148,37.0354,15.3148,37.0354]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.27","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.6515,38.2686]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":27,"sitename":"Torre degli Inglesi","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Messina","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":38.26860046,"longitude":15.65149975,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":40,"timeall":2050,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"Torre degli Inglesi (literally the English Tower) is a defence tower built on a local height of Capo Peloro, about 5 m a.s.l., and about 40 m from the present shoreline. The tower sits at the back of the sand dunes bounding the present sand-beach. Superficial sediments in the surroundings of the tower are mainly composed by dark organic and reddish-tan granular sands, generally massive or poorly layered.","sitenotes":"It was examined and sampled an excavation made by the Archeological Superintendence of Messina. The excavation runs along the NW side of the tower and exposes a 1.5 m thick sequence of deposits overlying the Roman cobbled paving and covered by the 19th century structures. The sequence is mainly composed of debris or reworked deposits including human artefacts: potteries, animal bones, teeth, and glass. Their matrix is the granular dark organic sand that forms the upper cover of Capo Peloro area. The lowermost ca. 0.5 m of the section is regularly layered and rarely contains anthropic material. The upper part of the sequence is characterized by highly variable deposits with many irregularities indicating the area may have been used as a dumping ground after the abandonment of the Roman structure.","timestamp":"2014-12-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1036,"reference_idsite":1036,"authors":"D. Pantosti, M.S. Barbano,  A. Smedile,  P.M. De Martini and G. Tigano","title":"Geological evidence of paleotsunamis at Torre degli Inglesi (northeast Sicily)","publication":"GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS","volume":"35","issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2008,"doi":"10.1029/2007GL032935 ","url":null,"abstract":"Two layers of fine sand of marine origin occur in a sequence of organic rich colluvia in an archaeological excavation at Torre degli Inglesi, on Capo Peloro, northeast Sicily. Stratigraphic and micropaleontologic analyses support the hypothesis that these layers are related to deposition due to paleotsunami waves. Their ages are constrained both with radiocarbon and archaeological datings. The age of the oldest layer is coincident with the 17 A.D. earthquake that hit Reggio Calabria but for which no tsunami was previously reported. The age of the youngest layer can be only constrained in the range 3rd– 19th century and is tentatively associated to the 6 Feb. 1783 event.","contactname":"Daniela Pantosti","contactemail":"daniela.pantosti@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1036,"name":"daniela","surname":"pantosti","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"daniela.pantosti@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1036,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1036,"artificialcut":"Yes","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":"Archeological site","event_idsite":1036,"depth":1.25,"thicknessordimension":0.05,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a grey clean siliciclastic well sorted sandy layer, with sharp, erosional contacts at the base and top. The top locally contains small white siliciclastic well – rounded pebbles. The sandy layer contains frequent fragments of mollusks and corals, rare benthonic (Cibicides refulgens, Miniacina miniacea) and planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinoides spp., Globigerina sp.), together with algae remnants. ","labyoungestagelya":1950,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":0,"youngestcalagemax":125,"laboldestage":1995,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":-50,"oldestcalagemax":70,"preferredagemin":0,"preferredagemax":125,"historicalage":17,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determination was performed on 6 samples of charcoal fragment above, below and within the studied layer. Dating was performed at the AMS facility of the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory, and measured ages were dendrochronologically corrected according to Calib REV5.0.2 (M. Stuiver and P. J. Reimer, Radiocarbon calibration program CALIB REV5.0.2, 2005). The radiocarbon results are in agreement with the available archeological estimates. It is possible relate this event to the A.D. 17 historical earthquake (known as Reggio Calabria earthquake).","eventnotes":"This layer is most likely linked to a tsunami deposit because it is located in a back dune area at an elevation exceeding 5 m. a.s.l. where large storms are not able to overtop the beach dunes. Furthermore it contains clear signatures of marine origins.","event_idevent":1033,"dating_idevent":1036,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1036,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"GPS surveys; Hydrodynamic equations","typeofevidence_idevent":1036,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.6515,38.2686,15.6515,38.2686]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.28","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.6515,38.2686]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":28,"sitename":"Torre degli Inglesi","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Messina","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":38.26860046,"longitude":15.65149975,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":40,"timeall":2050,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"Torre degli Inglesi (literally the English Tower) is a defence tower built on a local height of Capo Peloro, about 5 m a.s.l., and about 40 m from the present shoreline. The tower sits at the back of the sand dunes bounding the present sand-beach. Superficial sediments in the surroundings of the tower are mainly composed by dark organic and reddish-tan granular sands, generally massive or poorly layered.","sitenotes":"It was examined and sampled an excavation made by the Archeological Superintendence of Messina. The excavation runs along the NW side of the tower and exposes a 1.5 m thick sequence of deposits overlying the Roman cobbled paving and covered by the 19th century structures. The sequence is mainly composed of debris or reworked deposits including human artefacts: potteries, animal bones, teeth, and glass. Their matrix is the granular dark organic sand that forms the upper cover of Capo Peloro area. The lowermost ca. 0.5 m of the section is regularly layered and rarely contains anthropic material. The upper part of the sequence is characterized by highly variable deposits with many irregularities indicating the area may have been used as a dumping ground after the abandonment of the Roman structure.","timestamp":"2014-12-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1036,"reference_idsite":1036,"authors":"D. Pantosti, M.S. Barbano,  A. Smedile,  P.M. De Martini and G. Tigano","title":"Geological evidence of paleotsunamis at Torre degli Inglesi (northeast Sicily)","publication":"GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS","volume":"35","issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2008,"doi":"10.1029/2007GL032935 ","url":null,"abstract":"Two layers of fine sand of marine origin occur in a sequence of organic rich colluvia in an archaeological excavation at Torre degli Inglesi, on Capo Peloro, northeast Sicily. Stratigraphic and micropaleontologic analyses support the hypothesis that these layers are related to deposition due to paleotsunami waves. Their ages are constrained both with radiocarbon and archaeological datings. The age of the oldest layer is coincident with the 17 A.D. earthquake that hit Reggio Calabria but for which no tsunami was previously reported. The age of the youngest layer can be only constrained in the range 3rd– 19th century and is tentatively associated to the 6 Feb. 1783 event.","contactname":"Daniela Pantosti","contactemail":"daniela.pantosti@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1036,"name":"daniela","surname":"pantosti","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"daniela.pantosti@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1036,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1036,"artificialcut":"Yes","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":"Archeological site","event_idsite":1036,"depth":0.1,"thicknessordimension":0.15000001,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a grey, well sorted, siliciclastic sand layer containing flat well rounded cobbles arranged in a chaotic pattern constraining with the organic, colluvial, anthropic nature of the other layers.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":1785,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":135,"oldestcalagemax":335,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1783,"eventdescription":"Archaeological age determinations for this event are few solid. They were performed on a layer above the anomalous layer. The layer above was dated to the middle of 19th century, and the units below are younger than A.D. 135–335 (14C) . Thus, the studied layer may have been deposited anytime between the 3rd and the 19th century. The age of unit is likely to be closer to the younger part of the interval (i.e., closer to A.D. 1861 when the Bourbons left Sicily). It is possible to relate this event to the historical tsunami of  February 6, 1783.","eventnotes":"This layer is most likely linked to a tsunami deposit because it is located in a back dune area at an elevation exceeding 5 m. a.s.l. where large storms don’t able to overtop the beach dunes. Furthermore it is contains clear signatures of marine origins. Another important things it’s the presence of flat rounded cobbles that are not found on the local beach but may come from the offshore area.","event_idevent":1034,"dating_idevent":1036,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1036,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"GPS surveys; Hydrodynamic equations","typeofevidence_idevent":1036,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.6515,38.2686,15.6515,38.2686]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.29","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.1064,36.81]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":29,"sitename":"Vendicari reserve","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":1070,"latitude":36.81000137,"longitude":15.10639954,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":55,"timeall":1340,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"The site is characterized by a rocky coastal belt, from Torre Vendicari to 2 km northward. Here, the likely Tyrrhenian platform “panchina” (Ruggieri, 1959; Amore et al., 1994) creates a wave-cut platform that reaches several metres up to sea level with an average slope of about 4–8° and locally passes to littoral aeolian facies of paleodunes, causing the development of low cliffs. ","sitenotes":"Three main areas can be distinguished. In detail, the southernmost area (from Torre Vendicari up to the old military station) is characterized by a wave-cut platform reaching a average slop of about 5° to 10° and maximum elevations of 5 m a.p.s.l. This roughly 50 m wide terrace  is bounded towards the land by a sandy berm. It is also almost lacking in vegetation and characterized by elevated roughness with small karstic landforms, represented mainly by potholes, deeper and wider toward the coastline, and pinnacle-like forms (Spitzkarren). At the military station the coast becomes a steep cliff about 10 m a.p.s.l. This area is characterized by the presence of two terraces, the uppermost one is about 10 m wide and bordered by a little scarp, under which a second smaller platform develops at about 2.5 m a.p.s.l. Northward, the third area shows again a low and weakly sloping coast for more than 1 km.","timestamp":"2014-12-12T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1037,"reference_idsite":1037,"authors":"M.S. Barbano, C. Pirrotta, F. Gerardi","title":"Large boulders along the south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily: Storm or tsunami deposits?","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"275","issue":null,"pages":"15","year":2010,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2010.05.005 ","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the size, shape, position, pre-transport setting and long-axis orientation of 175 boulders found along the south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily. These megaclasts were deposited by the sea or moved from the same rocky coast to the shore platform and distributed within 60 m of the shoreline. Most boulders are rectangular to ellipsoidal, with sharp, broken edges. They are calcarenite fragments up to 27 t in mass. Some of the boulders (up to 32 m from shore) were observed to have moved after strong winter storms occurring during December 2008–January 2009, whereas the positions of many boulders were unchanged. We use wave transport equations jointly with statistical analysis of boulders in order to determine the extreme events – geological or meteorological – responsible for these singular accumulations. Using the significant wave height and period of maximum observed storms and historical tsunamis (1693 and 1908 events) along the Ionian coast of Sicily, we have estimated the approximate transport distance of boulders by these waves at the coast. Results show that the largest storm waves were probably responsible for the current distribution of most boulders. However, since the size and horizontal displacement distance of some boulders scattered randomly along the shoreline at distance >40 m cannot be explained by storm wave action, we suggest that they are likely deposited by tsunamis. Radiocarbon dating performed on three of these anomalous boulders, at a distance >40 m from the shoreline, gave an age suggesting that two of them were likely deposited by the 1693 or 1908 tsunamis, whereas the third was emplaced by a tsunami that occurred after 650–930 A.D. We show that both wave processes (storm and tsunami) can deposit boulders. We find that the significant difference between storm and tsunami waves is not the breaking wave height but the wave period that influences attenuation, and then the flooding distance. Hence, if the boulder-transport limit of the largest storm waves in the past at the study area is estimated, then it is possible to recognize that the boulders deposited far beyond this limit, because of their size and shape, were not transported by storm waves, but could have been emplaced by waves with longer period, such as the tsunamis.","contactname":"M.S. Barbano","contactemail":"barbano@unict.it","compiler_idsite":1037,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1037,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"wave - cut platform","typeofsite_idsite":1037,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1037,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":1.89999998,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a boulder with a weight > 9t and a distance > 40 meters from the shoreline. This boulder shows biogenic encrustations. This characteristic suggests that it was detached from the platform.","labyoungestagelya":1738,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":657,"youngestcalagemax":939,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a sample of serpulid. The calibration of radiocarbon dating was carried out using the program Calib 6.0 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993; Stuiver et al., 2005) for the marine environment with about 400 years reservoir age. This inundation could be both an unknown event but also one of the historical tsunamis (1169, 1542, 1693) that affected the Ionian coast of Sicily. In fact, since the radiocarbon dating was made on shells, the estimated age is the time of organism death, but probably not the moment of the boulder's final displacement and impact.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1035,"dating_idevent":1037,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1037,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1037,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.1064,36.81,15.1064,36.81]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.30","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.1064,36.81]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":30,"sitename":"Vendicari reserve","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":1070,"latitude":36.81000137,"longitude":15.10639954,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":55,"timeall":1340,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"The site is characterized by a rocky coastal belt, from Torre Vendicari to 2 km northward. Here, the likely Tyrrhenian platform “panchina” (Ruggieri, 1959; Amore et al., 1994) creates a wave-cut platform that reaches several metres up to sea level with an average slope of about 4–8° and locally passes to littoral aeolian facies of paleodunes, causing the development of low cliffs. ","sitenotes":"Three main areas can be distinguished. In detail, the southernmost area (from Torre Vendicari up to the old military station) is characterized by a wave-cut platform reaching a average slop of about 5° to 10° and maximum elevations of 5 m a.p.s.l. This roughly 50 m wide terrace  is bounded towards the land by a sandy berm. It is also almost lacking in vegetation and characterized by elevated roughness with small karstic landforms, represented mainly by potholes, deeper and wider toward the coastline, and pinnacle-like forms (Spitzkarren). At the military station the coast becomes a steep cliff about 10 m a.p.s.l. This area is characterized by the presence of two terraces, the uppermost one is about 10 m wide and bordered by a little scarp, under which a second smaller platform develops at about 2.5 m a.p.s.l. Northward, the third area shows again a low and weakly sloping coast for more than 1 km.","timestamp":"2014-12-12T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1037,"reference_idsite":1037,"authors":"M.S. Barbano, C. Pirrotta, F. Gerardi","title":"Large boulders along the south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily: Storm or tsunami deposits?","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"275","issue":null,"pages":"15","year":2010,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2010.05.005 ","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the size, shape, position, pre-transport setting and long-axis orientation of 175 boulders found along the south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily. These megaclasts were deposited by the sea or moved from the same rocky coast to the shore platform and distributed within 60 m of the shoreline. Most boulders are rectangular to ellipsoidal, with sharp, broken edges. They are calcarenite fragments up to 27 t in mass. Some of the boulders (up to 32 m from shore) were observed to have moved after strong winter storms occurring during December 2008–January 2009, whereas the positions of many boulders were unchanged. We use wave transport equations jointly with statistical analysis of boulders in order to determine the extreme events – geological or meteorological – responsible for these singular accumulations. Using the significant wave height and period of maximum observed storms and historical tsunamis (1693 and 1908 events) along the Ionian coast of Sicily, we have estimated the approximate transport distance of boulders by these waves at the coast. Results show that the largest storm waves were probably responsible for the current distribution of most boulders. However, since the size and horizontal displacement distance of some boulders scattered randomly along the shoreline at distance >40 m cannot be explained by storm wave action, we suggest that they are likely deposited by tsunamis. Radiocarbon dating performed on three of these anomalous boulders, at a distance >40 m from the shoreline, gave an age suggesting that two of them were likely deposited by the 1693 or 1908 tsunamis, whereas the third was emplaced by a tsunami that occurred after 650–930 A.D. We show that both wave processes (storm and tsunami) can deposit boulders. We find that the significant difference between storm and tsunami waves is not the breaking wave height but the wave period that influences attenuation, and then the flooding distance. Hence, if the boulder-transport limit of the largest storm waves in the past at the study area is estimated, then it is possible to recognize that the boulders deposited far beyond this limit, because of their size and shape, were not transported by storm waves, but could have been emplaced by waves with longer period, such as the tsunamis.","contactname":"M.S. Barbano","contactemail":"barbano@unict.it","compiler_idsite":1037,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1037,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"wave - cut platform","typeofsite_idsite":1037,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1037,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":2.0999999,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on two boulders with a weight > 9t and a distance > 40 meters from the shoreline. These boulders show biogenic encrustations. This characteristic suggests that they were detached from the platform.","labyoungestagelya":617,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":1700,"youngestcalagemax":1950,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1693,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a Lithophaga shell. The calibration of radiocarbon dating was carried out using the program Calib 6.0 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993; Stuiver et al., 2005) for the marine environment with about 400 years reservoir age. It’s possible to relate this event to the strong tsunami of January 11, 1693.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1036,"dating_idevent":1037,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1037,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1037,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.1064,36.81,15.1064,36.81]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.31","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2169,37.1454]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":31,"sitename":"Priolo Reserve","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":220,"latitude":37.145401,"longitude":15.21689987,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":530,"timeall":4100,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"The Priolo Reserve site is located in the southern part of the Augusta bay. The Augusta Bay area is a natural gulf, about 15 km wide and with a 25 km-long shoreline, located along the Ionian coast of the Hyblean mountain range. Apart from Holocene and Late Pleistocene alluvial and fluvial deposits, the lithologies outcropping in the area are dominated by coarse sands, calcarenites and limestone as old as Late Cretaceous.","sitenotes":"The site is a shallow coastal lagoon separated from the sea by a thick bar of sand dunes, up to 4.5 meters high. Since Greek times (but well documented reports exist only since AD 1200) the northern part of the lagoon was used to produce marine salt, very important and precious for the tuna factory located nearby. Nowadays, this area is a Regional Natural Reserve and has the optimal morphologic conditions to represent a tsunami deposit trap.","timestamp":"2014-12-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1040,"reference_idsite":1040,"authors":"P.M. De Martini,  M.S. Barbano,  A. Smedile,  F. Gerardi,  D. Pantosti,  P. Del Carlo,  C. Pirrotta","title":"A unique 4000 year long geological record of multiple tsunami inundations in the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily, Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"276","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2010,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We present the geological evidence for a 4000 year long record of multiple tsunami inundations along the coast of the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily) and discuss its implications. The research was carried out through a multi-theme approach which benefited from an extraordinarily long historical record that we used to guide detailed geomorphologic and geologic surveys, coring campaigns and laboratory analyses. Two sites, named the Augusta Hospital and Priolo Reserve, were selected and investigated in detail along the 25 km-long coastline of Augusta Bay. We found evidence for six (possibly seven) tsunami deposits; three of them may be tentatively associated with the 1693 and 365 AD Ionian Sea historical tsunamis and the ~3600 BP Santorini event. The other three (possibly four) deposits are evidence for unknown paleo-inundations dated at about 650–770 AD, 600–400 BC and 975–800 BC (at Augusta Hospital site), and 800–600 BC (at Priolo Reserve site). We use these ages to extend further back the historical record of tsunamis available for this coastal area. The exceptional number of tsunami deposits found with this study allowed us to derive an average geologic tsunami recurrence interval in the Augusta Bay of about 600 years for the past 4 ka. Conversely, the historical tsunami data for the past millennium suggest an average tsunami recurrence interval of about 250 years. This difference in the average recurrence intervals suggests that only the strongest inundations may leave recognizable geological signatures at the investigated sites (i.e. the evidence for the 1908 and 1169 tsunamis is missing) but also that the geomorphological setting of the site and its erosional/ depositional history are critical aspects for the data recording. Thus, an average recurrence interval derived from the geological record should be considered as a minimum figure. The identification and age estimation of tsunami deposits represent a new and independent contribution to tsunami scenarios and modeling for coastal hazard assessment in Civil Protection applications. Furthermore, our study cases provide new elements on tsunami deposit recognition related to exceptionally large events that occurred in the Aegean Sea. ","contactname":"P.M. De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1040,"name":"paolomarco","surname":"de martini","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1040,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1040,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1040,"depth":0.30000001,"thicknessordimension":0.05,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a bioclastic layer (called PR-01) with sharp basal contact, very rich in ostracods and gastropods (Hydrobia spp.) all arranged in a chaotic pattern, with several mollusks fragments and vegetal remains.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":890,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":1420,"oldestcalagemax":1690,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1693,"eventdescription":"The radiocarbon age determination was performed on a bivalve shell (Cerastoderma glaucum), sampled just below the bioclastic layer. For the calibrated ages it was used calib REV5.0.2 by Stuvier and Reimer, 2005. For the marine shell it was adopted the reservoir correction for marine samples and a difference ΔR=124±77 years in reservoir age of the study region to accommodate local effects. It’s possible to relate this deposit to the historical event of January 11, 1693.","eventnotes":"The event is represented by a  high - energy deposit of clear marine origin within the lagoonal low - energy environment of Priolo reserve. ","event_idevent":1037,"dating_idevent":1040,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1040,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1040,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2169,37.1454,15.2169,37.1454]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.32","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2169,37.1454]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":32,"sitename":"Priolo Reserve","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":220,"latitude":37.145401,"longitude":15.21689987,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":530,"timeall":4100,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"The Priolo Reserve site is located in the southern part of the Augusta bay. The Augusta Bay area is a natural gulf, about 15 km wide and with a 25 km-long shoreline, located along the Ionian coast of the Hyblean mountain range. Apart from Holocene and Late Pleistocene alluvial and fluvial deposits, the lithologies outcropping in the area are dominated by coarse sands, calcarenites and limestone as old as Late Cretaceous.","sitenotes":"The site is a shallow coastal lagoon separated from the sea by a thick bar of sand dunes, up to 4.5 meters high. Since Greek times (but well documented reports exist only since AD 1200) the northern part of the lagoon was used to produce marine salt, very important and precious for the tuna factory located nearby. Nowadays, this area is a Regional Natural Reserve and has the optimal morphologic conditions to represent a tsunami deposit trap.","timestamp":"2014-12-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1040,"reference_idsite":1040,"authors":"P.M. De Martini,  M.S. Barbano,  A. Smedile,  F. Gerardi,  D. Pantosti,  P. Del Carlo,  C. Pirrotta","title":"A unique 4000 year long geological record of multiple tsunami inundations in the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily, Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"276","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2010,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We present the geological evidence for a 4000 year long record of multiple tsunami inundations along the coast of the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily) and discuss its implications. The research was carried out through a multi-theme approach which benefited from an extraordinarily long historical record that we used to guide detailed geomorphologic and geologic surveys, coring campaigns and laboratory analyses. Two sites, named the Augusta Hospital and Priolo Reserve, were selected and investigated in detail along the 25 km-long coastline of Augusta Bay. We found evidence for six (possibly seven) tsunami deposits; three of them may be tentatively associated with the 1693 and 365 AD Ionian Sea historical tsunamis and the ~3600 BP Santorini event. The other three (possibly four) deposits are evidence for unknown paleo-inundations dated at about 650–770 AD, 600–400 BC and 975–800 BC (at Augusta Hospital site), and 800–600 BC (at Priolo Reserve site). We use these ages to extend further back the historical record of tsunamis available for this coastal area. The exceptional number of tsunami deposits found with this study allowed us to derive an average geologic tsunami recurrence interval in the Augusta Bay of about 600 years for the past 4 ka. Conversely, the historical tsunami data for the past millennium suggest an average tsunami recurrence interval of about 250 years. This difference in the average recurrence intervals suggests that only the strongest inundations may leave recognizable geological signatures at the investigated sites (i.e. the evidence for the 1908 and 1169 tsunamis is missing) but also that the geomorphological setting of the site and its erosional/ depositional history are critical aspects for the data recording. Thus, an average recurrence interval derived from the geological record should be considered as a minimum figure. The identification and age estimation of tsunami deposits represent a new and independent contribution to tsunami scenarios and modeling for coastal hazard assessment in Civil Protection applications. Furthermore, our study cases provide new elements on tsunami deposit recognition related to exceptionally large events that occurred in the Aegean Sea. ","contactname":"P.M. De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1040,"name":"paolomarco","surname":"de martini","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1040,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1040,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1040,"depth":0.5,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a bioclastic layer (called PR-02) with sharp (probably erosional) basal contact, with a huge amount of shell fragments, gastropods (P.conica, with abrasions probably due to high energetic transport) and ostracods, benthic and few planktonic foraminifera (with a peculiar increment in the benthic foraminifera specific diversity with respect to adjacent deposit). It may be subdivided in three smaller layers (2-3cm thick).","labyoungestagelya":890,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":1420,"youngestcalagemax":1690,"laboldestage":2460,"loastddev":35,"oldestcalagemin":-225,"oldestcalagemax":220,"preferredagemin":160,"preferredagemax":320,"historicalage":365,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determinations were performed on a sample of bivalve shell (Cerastoderma glaucum) just above the bioclastic layer and on a sample of gastropod below the bioclastic layer. For the marine shell it was adopted the reservoir correction for marine samples and a difference ΔR=124±77 years in reservoir age of the study region to accommodate local effects. The age interval was narrowed to 160 – 320 AD taking into account a sedimentation rate of 0,35-0,25mm/Year, derived from radiocarbon and tephra samples. It is possible to relate this deposit to the event of July 21, 365.","eventnotes":"The event is represented by a high - energy deposit of clear marine origin within a lagoonal low - energy environment of Priolo reserve. The layer also shows an internal subdivision that could be interpreted as the result of multiple waves.","event_idevent":1038,"dating_idevent":1040,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1040,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1040,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2169,37.1454,15.2169,37.1454]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.132","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[6.2189,62.444]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":132,"sitename":"Igletjorn","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Sula","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":50,"latitude":62.44398117,"longitude":6.21892214,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":15.5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"5.5 m above sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1121,"reference_idsite":1121,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1121,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1121,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1121,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1121,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":1.5,"evidencedescription":"massive gravel/sand with shell fragments and organic conglomerate and detritus in marine silt","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1138,"dating_idevent":1121,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1121,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1121,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[6.2189,62.444,6.2189,62.444]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.33","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2169,37.1454]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":33,"sitename":"Priolo Reserve","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":220,"latitude":37.145401,"longitude":15.21689987,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":530,"timeall":4100,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"The Priolo Reserve site is located in the southern part of the Augusta bay. The Augusta Bay area is a natural gulf, about 15 km wide and with a 25 km-long shoreline, located along the Ionian coast of the Hyblean mountain range. Apart from Holocene and Late Pleistocene alluvial and fluvial deposits, the lithologies outcropping in the area are dominated by coarse sands, calcarenites and limestone as old as Late Cretaceous.","sitenotes":"The site is a shallow coastal lagoon separated from the sea by a thick bar of sand dunes, up to 4.5 meters high. Since Greek times (but well documented reports exist only since AD 1200) the northern part of the lagoon was used to produce marine salt, very important and precious for the tuna factory located nearby. Nowadays, this area is a Regional Natural Reserve and has the optimal morphologic conditions to represent a tsunami deposit trap.","timestamp":"2014-12-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1040,"reference_idsite":1040,"authors":"P.M. De Martini,  M.S. Barbano,  A. Smedile,  F. Gerardi,  D. Pantosti,  P. Del Carlo,  C. Pirrotta","title":"A unique 4000 year long geological record of multiple tsunami inundations in the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily, Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"276","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2010,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We present the geological evidence for a 4000 year long record of multiple tsunami inundations along the coast of the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily) and discuss its implications. The research was carried out through a multi-theme approach which benefited from an extraordinarily long historical record that we used to guide detailed geomorphologic and geologic surveys, coring campaigns and laboratory analyses. Two sites, named the Augusta Hospital and Priolo Reserve, were selected and investigated in detail along the 25 km-long coastline of Augusta Bay. We found evidence for six (possibly seven) tsunami deposits; three of them may be tentatively associated with the 1693 and 365 AD Ionian Sea historical tsunamis and the ~3600 BP Santorini event. The other three (possibly four) deposits are evidence for unknown paleo-inundations dated at about 650–770 AD, 600–400 BC and 975–800 BC (at Augusta Hospital site), and 800–600 BC (at Priolo Reserve site). We use these ages to extend further back the historical record of tsunamis available for this coastal area. The exceptional number of tsunami deposits found with this study allowed us to derive an average geologic tsunami recurrence interval in the Augusta Bay of about 600 years for the past 4 ka. Conversely, the historical tsunami data for the past millennium suggest an average tsunami recurrence interval of about 250 years. This difference in the average recurrence intervals suggests that only the strongest inundations may leave recognizable geological signatures at the investigated sites (i.e. the evidence for the 1908 and 1169 tsunamis is missing) but also that the geomorphological setting of the site and its erosional/ depositional history are critical aspects for the data recording. Thus, an average recurrence interval derived from the geological record should be considered as a minimum figure. The identification and age estimation of tsunami deposits represent a new and independent contribution to tsunami scenarios and modeling for coastal hazard assessment in Civil Protection applications. Furthermore, our study cases provide new elements on tsunami deposit recognition related to exceptionally large events that occurred in the Aegean Sea. ","contactname":"P.M. De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1040,"name":"paolomarco","surname":"de martini","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1040,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1040,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1040,"depth":1.60000002,"thicknessordimension":0.03,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is characterized by a distinct dark gray fine sandy layer, with marine microfauna benthic (Asterigerinata mamilla, Buccella granulata, Cibicides lobatulus, Elphidium spp., Nubecularia lucifuga, Quinqueloculina spp., Rosalina spp.) and few planktonic (Globigerinoides spp.) foraminifera.","labyoungestagelya":3970,"lyastddev":35,"youngestcalagemin":-2100,"youngestcalagemax":-1365,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-2100,"preferredagemax":-1635,"historicalage":-1600,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determination was performed on a bivalve shell (Cerastoderma glaucum) located within the anomalous sandy layer. For the calibrated ages it was used calib REV5.0.2 by Stuvier and Reimer, 2005. For the marine shell it was adopted the reservoir correction for marine samples and a difference ΔR=124±77 years in reservoir age of the study region to accommodate local effects. It’s possible to relate this deposit to the historical tsunami of Santorini (3600 BP).","eventnotes":"The event is represented by a high - energy deposit of clear marine origin located in the southeastern of a lagoonal low - energy environment. ","event_idevent":1039,"dating_idevent":1040,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1040,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1040,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2169,37.1454,15.2169,37.1454]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.34","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2169,37.1454]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":34,"sitename":"Priolo Reserve","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":220,"latitude":37.145401,"longitude":15.21689987,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":530,"timeall":4100,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"The Priolo Reserve site is located in the southern part of the Augusta bay. The Augusta Bay area is a natural gulf, about 15 km wide and with a 25 km-long shoreline, located along the Ionian coast of the Hyblean mountain range. Apart from Holocene and Late Pleistocene alluvial and fluvial deposits, the lithologies outcropping in the area are dominated by coarse sands, calcarenites and limestone as old as Late Cretaceous.","sitenotes":"The site is a shallow coastal lagoon separated from the sea by a thick bar of sand dunes, up to 4.5 meters high. Since Greek times (but well documented reports exist only since AD 1200) the northern part of the lagoon was used to produce marine salt, very important and precious for the tuna factory located nearby. Nowadays, this area is a Regional Natural Reserve and has the optimal morphologic conditions to represent a tsunami deposit trap.","timestamp":"2014-12-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1040,"reference_idsite":1040,"authors":"P.M. De Martini,  M.S. Barbano,  A. Smedile,  F. Gerardi,  D. Pantosti,  P. Del Carlo,  C. Pirrotta","title":"A unique 4000 year long geological record of multiple tsunami inundations in the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily, Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"276","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2010,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We present the geological evidence for a 4000 year long record of multiple tsunami inundations along the coast of the Augusta Bay (eastern Sicily) and discuss its implications. The research was carried out through a multi-theme approach which benefited from an extraordinarily long historical record that we used to guide detailed geomorphologic and geologic surveys, coring campaigns and laboratory analyses. Two sites, named the Augusta Hospital and Priolo Reserve, were selected and investigated in detail along the 25 km-long coastline of Augusta Bay. We found evidence for six (possibly seven) tsunami deposits; three of them may be tentatively associated with the 1693 and 365 AD Ionian Sea historical tsunamis and the ~3600 BP Santorini event. The other three (possibly four) deposits are evidence for unknown paleo-inundations dated at about 650–770 AD, 600–400 BC and 975–800 BC (at Augusta Hospital site), and 800–600 BC (at Priolo Reserve site). We use these ages to extend further back the historical record of tsunamis available for this coastal area. The exceptional number of tsunami deposits found with this study allowed us to derive an average geologic tsunami recurrence interval in the Augusta Bay of about 600 years for the past 4 ka. Conversely, the historical tsunami data for the past millennium suggest an average tsunami recurrence interval of about 250 years. This difference in the average recurrence intervals suggests that only the strongest inundations may leave recognizable geological signatures at the investigated sites (i.e. the evidence for the 1908 and 1169 tsunamis is missing) but also that the geomorphological setting of the site and its erosional/ depositional history are critical aspects for the data recording. Thus, an average recurrence interval derived from the geological record should be considered as a minimum figure. The identification and age estimation of tsunami deposits represent a new and independent contribution to tsunami scenarios and modeling for coastal hazard assessment in Civil Protection applications. Furthermore, our study cases provide new elements on tsunami deposit recognition related to exceptionally large events that occurred in the Aegean Sea. ","contactname":"P.M. De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1040,"name":"paolomarco","surname":"de martini","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1040,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1040,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1040,"depth":0.89999998,"thicknessordimension":0.03,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a single massive and structureless detritic deposit. This layer shows an anomalous assemblage made by macromammal bone fragments (Prof. A. Kotsakis, University of Roma Tre, personal communication), rare ostracods (Cyprideis torosa) and gastropods (Hydrobia spp.), together with poorly preserved benthic (Cassidulina carinata, Cibicidoides pseudoungerianus, Melonis barleanum, Planulina ariminensis) and planktonic (Globigerinoides sp.) foraminifera, from shallow to deep marine environment.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":-122,"youngestcalagemax":-122,"laboldestage":3970,"loastddev":35,"oldestcalagemin":-2100,"oldestcalagemax":-1635,"preferredagemin":-800,"preferredagemax":-600,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"YCA derives from tephrachronology performed on a volcanic sand layer above the detritic layer. LOA derives from radiocarbon dating.  Radiocarbon age determination was performed on a bivalve shell (Cerastoderma glaucum) located below the anomalous detritic layer. For the calibrated ages it was used calib REV5.0.2 by Stuvier and Reimer, 2005. For the marine shell it was adopted the reservoir correction for marine samples and a difference ΔR=124±77 years in reservoir age of the study region to accommodate local effects. The preferred age derived from a constant sedimentation rate of 0.33mm/yr.","eventnotes":"Authors suggest that the atypical presence of macromammal bone fragments together with the coarser grain size of this deposit, with respect to the clay layers dominating the local sequence, can be interpreted as a deposit of a tsunami back-wash wave, possibly capable of transporting and depositing such a heterogeneous layer.","event_idevent":1040,"dating_idevent":1040,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1040,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"Yes","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1040,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2169,37.1454,15.2169,37.1454]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.35","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2186,37.7679]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":35,"sitename":"Gurna","yearinvestigationfrom":2006,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Catania","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":150,"latitude":37.76789856,"longitude":15.21860027,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":340,"timeall":4310,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the northeastern flank of Mt. Etna area. This site was filled by clastic sediments derived from the erosion of the Peloritani MTs and the Etna lavas and usually shows an high sedimentation rate related to the local fluvial environment.","sitenotes":"This paleoenvironment of this site was a fresh water shallow pond that developed and persisted up to the present.","timestamp":"2014-12-16T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1041,"reference_idsite":1041,"authors":"M.S. Barbano, P.M. De Martini, D. Pantosti, A. Smedile, P. Del Carlo, F. Gerardi, P. Guarnieri and C. Pirrotta","title":"IN SEARCH OF TSUNAMI DEPOSITS ALONG THE EASTERN COAST OF SICILY (ITALY): THE STATE OF THE ART","publication":"Recent Progress on Earthquake Geology (Editor: Pierpaolo Guarnieri)","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":"38","year":2009,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Eastern Sicily has been affected in historical times by large earthquakes followed by devastating tsunamis, such as the 1169, 1693 and 1908 events. In order to provide a long-term assessment for tsunami recurrence and related hazards, we developed a multi-disciplinary study, with a paleoseismological approach, aimed to recognize and date historical and paleotsunami deposits. Starting from information on the effects of known tsunamis (hit localities, inundation areas, run-up heights) and with a geomorphological approach, we selected several sites—such as coastal lakes, marshes and lagoons—potentially suitable for preserving tsunami deposits. In these sites, 64 test gouge cores have been dug by hand and engine coring. In order to reconstruct paleoenvironments and to identify potential paleotsunami deposits, sedimentological and paleontological analyses were carried out. Magnetic and X-ray analyses were used to highlight susceptibility variations and peculiar small-scale sedimentary structures not detectable through the standard stratigraphic investigation. Moreover, radiocarbon dating and tephra identification provide age ranges of the tsunami deposits and constraints for sedimentation rates allowing the correlation with historical events. At Capo Peloro in northeastern Sicily, combining archaeological, historical, and C14 data, we associated two tsunami deposits with the earthquakes occurred in 1783 and 17 A.D. We also collected evidence for the occurrence of multiple inundations at sites in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna: three events in the past 580 yrs at the Anguillara site and four events in the past 4000 yrs at the Gurna site. In southeastern Sicily, in the Augusta bay, combining historical, tephrostratigraphical and C14 dating, we reconstructed a tsunami inundation history composed of six events in the past 4000 yrs; the two most recent ones are related to the 1693 and 1169 earthquakes.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1041,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1041,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1041,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1041,"depth":1.70000005,"thicknessordimension":0.08,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is characterized by a distinct layer of fine sand with a sharp basal contact. This layer  contains  few vegetal remains. Samples of this layer unfortunately lack of any microfossils.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":3790,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":-2310,"oldestcalagemax":-2135,"preferredagemin":100,"preferredagemax":600,"historicalage":365,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a charcoal sample collected at 4.03 meters, below the sandy layer. Age was calibrated according to Calib REV5.0.2 by Stuiver and Reimer, 2005. The preferred age was obtained using the sedimentation rate and assuming very limited erosion. The sedimentation rate is 0.8 mm/yr, excluding the tsunami deposits from the calculation, or 1 mm/yr, including them. This sedimentation rate was calculated taking into account the radiocarbon dating of the charcoal sample (4.03 meters ; 2310 -2135 BC). This event can be related to the historical tsunami of July 21, 365.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1041,"dating_idevent":1041,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1041,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1041,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2186,37.7679,15.2186,37.7679]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.36","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2186,37.7679]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":36,"sitename":"Gurna","yearinvestigationfrom":2006,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Catania","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":150,"latitude":37.76789856,"longitude":15.21860027,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":340,"timeall":4310,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the northeastern flank of Mt. Etna area. This site was filled by clastic sediments derived from the erosion of the Peloritani MTs and the Etna lavas and usually shows an high sedimentation rate related to the local fluvial environment.","sitenotes":"This paleoenvironment of this site was a fresh water shallow pond that developed and persisted up to the present.","timestamp":"2014-12-16T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1041,"reference_idsite":1041,"authors":"M.S. Barbano, P.M. De Martini, D. Pantosti, A. Smedile, P. Del Carlo, F. Gerardi, P. Guarnieri and C. Pirrotta","title":"IN SEARCH OF TSUNAMI DEPOSITS ALONG THE EASTERN COAST OF SICILY (ITALY): THE STATE OF THE ART","publication":"Recent Progress on Earthquake Geology (Editor: Pierpaolo Guarnieri)","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":"38","year":2009,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Eastern Sicily has been affected in historical times by large earthquakes followed by devastating tsunamis, such as the 1169, 1693 and 1908 events. In order to provide a long-term assessment for tsunami recurrence and related hazards, we developed a multi-disciplinary study, with a paleoseismological approach, aimed to recognize and date historical and paleotsunami deposits. Starting from information on the effects of known tsunamis (hit localities, inundation areas, run-up heights) and with a geomorphological approach, we selected several sites—such as coastal lakes, marshes and lagoons—potentially suitable for preserving tsunami deposits. In these sites, 64 test gouge cores have been dug by hand and engine coring. In order to reconstruct paleoenvironments and to identify potential paleotsunami deposits, sedimentological and paleontological analyses were carried out. Magnetic and X-ray analyses were used to highlight susceptibility variations and peculiar small-scale sedimentary structures not detectable through the standard stratigraphic investigation. Moreover, radiocarbon dating and tephra identification provide age ranges of the tsunami deposits and constraints for sedimentation rates allowing the correlation with historical events. At Capo Peloro in northeastern Sicily, combining archaeological, historical, and C14 data, we associated two tsunami deposits with the earthquakes occurred in 1783 and 17 A.D. We also collected evidence for the occurrence of multiple inundations at sites in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna: three events in the past 580 yrs at the Anguillara site and four events in the past 4000 yrs at the Gurna site. In southeastern Sicily, in the Augusta bay, combining historical, tephrostratigraphical and C14 dating, we reconstructed a tsunami inundation history composed of six events in the past 4000 yrs; the two most recent ones are related to the 1693 and 1169 earthquakes.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1041,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1041,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1041,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1041,"depth":1.07000005,"thicknessordimension":0.27000001,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is characterized by a distinct layer of well sorted fine sand. This layer contains few vegetal remains. Samples of this layer unfortunately lack of any microfossils.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":3790,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":-2310,"oldestcalagemax":-2135,"preferredagemin":650,"preferredagemax":1050,"historicalage":1169,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a charcoal collected at 4.03 meters, below the sandy layer. Age was calibrated according to Calib REV5.0.2 by Stuiver and Reimer, 2005. The preferred age was obtained using the sedimentation rate and assuming very limited erosion. The sedimentation rate is 0.8 mm/yr, excluding the tsunami deposits from the calculation, or 1 mm/yr, including them. This sedimentation rate was calculated taking into account the radiocarbon dating of the charcoal sample (4.03 meters ; 2310 -2135 BC). This event can be related to the historical tsunami of February 4, 1169.","eventnotes":"This layer could be the 1169 event taking into account the uncertainty of the age estimate and that  for the 1169 event there are historical information about inundation along this coast.","event_idevent":1042,"dating_idevent":1041,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1041,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1041,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2186,37.7679,15.2186,37.7679]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.133","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[6.2677,62.4655]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":133,"sitename":"Ratvikvatnet","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Sula","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":70,"latitude":62.46549988,"longitude":6.2677002,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":16,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":7730,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"5.5 m above sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1122,"reference_idsite":1122,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1122,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1122,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1122,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1122,"depth":8.5,"thicknessordimension":0.25,"evidencedescription":"Fining-upwards sand in lacustrine mud","labyoungestagelya":7430,"lyastddev":95,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":7610,"loastddev":70,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1139,"dating_idevent":1122,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1122,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1122,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[6.2677,62.4655,6.2677,62.4655]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.37","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2186,37.7679]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":37,"sitename":"Gurna","yearinvestigationfrom":2006,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Catania","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":150,"latitude":37.76789856,"longitude":15.21860027,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":340,"timeall":4310,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the northeastern flank of Mt. Etna area. This site was filled by clastic sediments derived from the erosion of the Peloritani MTs and the Etna lavas and usually shows an high sedimentation rate related to the local fluvial environment.","sitenotes":"This paleoenvironment of this site was a fresh water shallow pond that developed and persisted up to the present.","timestamp":"2014-12-16T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1041,"reference_idsite":1041,"authors":"M.S. Barbano, P.M. De Martini, D. Pantosti, A. Smedile, P. Del Carlo, F. Gerardi, P. Guarnieri and C. Pirrotta","title":"IN SEARCH OF TSUNAMI DEPOSITS ALONG THE EASTERN COAST OF SICILY (ITALY): THE STATE OF THE ART","publication":"Recent Progress on Earthquake Geology (Editor: Pierpaolo Guarnieri)","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":"38","year":2009,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Eastern Sicily has been affected in historical times by large earthquakes followed by devastating tsunamis, such as the 1169, 1693 and 1908 events. In order to provide a long-term assessment for tsunami recurrence and related hazards, we developed a multi-disciplinary study, with a paleoseismological approach, aimed to recognize and date historical and paleotsunami deposits. Starting from information on the effects of known tsunamis (hit localities, inundation areas, run-up heights) and with a geomorphological approach, we selected several sites—such as coastal lakes, marshes and lagoons—potentially suitable for preserving tsunami deposits. In these sites, 64 test gouge cores have been dug by hand and engine coring. In order to reconstruct paleoenvironments and to identify potential paleotsunami deposits, sedimentological and paleontological analyses were carried out. Magnetic and X-ray analyses were used to highlight susceptibility variations and peculiar small-scale sedimentary structures not detectable through the standard stratigraphic investigation. Moreover, radiocarbon dating and tephra identification provide age ranges of the tsunami deposits and constraints for sedimentation rates allowing the correlation with historical events. At Capo Peloro in northeastern Sicily, combining archaeological, historical, and C14 data, we associated two tsunami deposits with the earthquakes occurred in 1783 and 17 A.D. We also collected evidence for the occurrence of multiple inundations at sites in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna: three events in the past 580 yrs at the Anguillara site and four events in the past 4000 yrs at the Gurna site. In southeastern Sicily, in the Augusta bay, combining historical, tephrostratigraphical and C14 dating, we reconstructed a tsunami inundation history composed of six events in the past 4000 yrs; the two most recent ones are related to the 1693 and 1169 earthquakes.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1041,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1041,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1041,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1041,"depth":0.41999999,"thicknessordimension":0.06,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is characterized by a distinct layer of well sorted fine sand with volcanic clasts, vegetal remains and a sharp basal contact. Samples of this layer unfortunately lack of any microfossils.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":3790,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":-2310,"oldestcalagemax":-2135,"preferredagemin":1390,"preferredagemax":1780,"historicalage":1693,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a charcoal collected at 4.03 meters, below the sandy layer. Age was calibrated according to Calib REV5.0.2 by Stuiver and Reimer, 2005. The preferred age was obtained using the sedimentation rate and assuming very limited erosion. The sedimentation rate is 0.8 mm/yr, excluding the tsunami deposits from the calculation, or 1 mm/yr, including them. This sedimentation rate was calculated taking into account the radiocarbon dating of the charcoal sample (4.03 meters ; 2310 -2135 BC). This event can be related to the historical tsunami of January 11, 1693.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1043,"dating_idevent":1041,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1041,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1041,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2186,37.7679,15.2186,37.7679]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.38","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2186,37.7679]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":38,"sitename":"Gurna","yearinvestigationfrom":2006,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Catania","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":150,"latitude":37.76789856,"longitude":15.21860027,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":340,"timeall":4310,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the northeastern flank of Mt. Etna area. This site was filled by clastic sediments derived from the erosion of the Peloritani MTs and the Etna lavas and usually shows an high sedimentation rate related to the local fluvial environment.","sitenotes":"This paleoenvironment of this site was a fresh water shallow pond that developed and persisted up to the present.","timestamp":"2014-12-16T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1041,"reference_idsite":1041,"authors":"M.S. Barbano, P.M. De Martini, D. Pantosti, A. Smedile, P. Del Carlo, F. Gerardi, P. Guarnieri and C. Pirrotta","title":"IN SEARCH OF TSUNAMI DEPOSITS ALONG THE EASTERN COAST OF SICILY (ITALY): THE STATE OF THE ART","publication":"Recent Progress on Earthquake Geology (Editor: Pierpaolo Guarnieri)","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":"38","year":2009,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Eastern Sicily has been affected in historical times by large earthquakes followed by devastating tsunamis, such as the 1169, 1693 and 1908 events. In order to provide a long-term assessment for tsunami recurrence and related hazards, we developed a multi-disciplinary study, with a paleoseismological approach, aimed to recognize and date historical and paleotsunami deposits. Starting from information on the effects of known tsunamis (hit localities, inundation areas, run-up heights) and with a geomorphological approach, we selected several sites—such as coastal lakes, marshes and lagoons—potentially suitable for preserving tsunami deposits. In these sites, 64 test gouge cores have been dug by hand and engine coring. In order to reconstruct paleoenvironments and to identify potential paleotsunami deposits, sedimentological and paleontological analyses were carried out. Magnetic and X-ray analyses were used to highlight susceptibility variations and peculiar small-scale sedimentary structures not detectable through the standard stratigraphic investigation. Moreover, radiocarbon dating and tephra identification provide age ranges of the tsunami deposits and constraints for sedimentation rates allowing the correlation with historical events. At Capo Peloro in northeastern Sicily, combining archaeological, historical, and C14 data, we associated two tsunami deposits with the earthquakes occurred in 1783 and 17 A.D. We also collected evidence for the occurrence of multiple inundations at sites in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna: three events in the past 580 yrs at the Anguillara site and four events in the past 4000 yrs at the Gurna site. In southeastern Sicily, in the Augusta bay, combining historical, tephrostratigraphical and C14 dating, we reconstructed a tsunami inundation history composed of six events in the past 4000 yrs; the two most recent ones are related to the 1693 and 1169 earthquakes.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1041,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1041,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1041,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1041,"depth":4,"thicknessordimension":0.08,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is characterized by a distinct layer of very fine sand. This layer contains vegetal remains. Samples of this layer unfortunately lack of any microfossils.","labyoungestagelya":3790,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":-2310,"youngestcalagemax":-2135,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"The age was obtained using radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating was performed on a charcoal collected within this sandy layer. Age was calibrated according to Calib REV5.0.2 by Stuiver and Reimer, 2005. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1044,"dating_idevent":1041,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1041,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1041,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2186,37.7679,15.2186,37.7679]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.39","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[27.2043,37.3614]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":39,"sitename":"Didim","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Turkey","region":"Egeo","province":"Aydin\t","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.3614006,"longitude":27.20429993,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":110,"timeall":3991,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is a coastal lowland located behind a dune field.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1057,"reference_idsite":1057,"authors":"K.  Minoura, F. Imamura, U. Kuran, T. Nakamura, G.A. Papadopoulos, T. Takahashi, A.C. Yalciner ","title":"Discovery of Minoan tsunami deposits","publication":"Geology","volume":"28","issue":"1","pages":"4","year":2000,"doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0059:DOMTD>2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"The Hellenic arc is a terrane of extensive Quaternary volcanism. One of the main centers of explosive eruptions is located on Thera (Santorini), and the eruption of the Thera volcano in late Minoan time (1600–1300 B.C.) is considered to have been the most significant Aegean explosive volcanism during the late Holocene. The last eruptive phase of Thera resulted in an enormous submarine caldera, which is believed to have produced tsunamis on a large scale. Evidence suggesting seawater inundation was found previously at some archaeological sites on the coast of Crete; however, the cause of the tsunami and its effects on the area have not been well understood. On the Aegean Sea coast of western Turkey (Didim and Fethye) and Crete (Gouves), we have found traces of tsunami deposits related to the Thera eruption. The sedimentological consequences and the hydraulics of a Thera caused tsunami indicate that the eruption of Thera volcano was earlier than the previous estimates and the tsunami did not have disruptive influence on Minoan civilization.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1057,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1057,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1057,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1057,"depth":1.10000002,"thicknessordimension":0.25,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a fine sandy layer composed of carbonate grains with marine fossils. The layer shows landward-thinning sedimentation. No structures or sediment grading are present. This layer is mantled by a 10-15-cm-thick yellowish-white layer of felsic tephra. There is not erosional contact between the sandy layer and the tephra. This implies that the deposition of the sand layer was followed subsequently by the fallout airborne ash.","labyoungestagelya":3837,"lyastddev":88,"youngestcalagemin":-1930,"youngestcalagemax":-1706,"laboldestage":3886,"loastddev":86,"oldestcalagemin":-1991,"oldestcalagemax":-1759,"preferredagemin":-1930,"preferredagemax":-1706,"historicalage":-1620,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating were performed on samples of benthic foraminifera collected in the calcareous sand  layer and in the underlying silty mud layer. The results were calibrated to calendar years in accordance with Stuiver and Reimer (1993) and Stuiver and Braziunas (1993).  Refractive index measurements and XRF chemistry analysis were performed on the tephra above the sandy layer. These analysis attribute the tephra to the Thera eruption (1626-1628 BC). It’s possible to relate this calcareous sand deposit to the tsunamis triggered by the volcanic event in late Minoan time.","eventnotes":"The discrepancy of ~200 years between the age range of the sandy layer and the age range of Thera eruption is probably due to the mixing of foraminifera living in the sediment at the time of the event with dead (i.e., older) foraminifera also contained within the sediment.","event_idevent":1059,"dating_idevent":1057,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1057,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1057,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[27.2043,37.3614,27.2043,37.3614]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.40","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[29.0978,36.6768]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":40,"sitename":"Fethye","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1999,"country":"Turkey","region":"Egeo","province":"Mugla","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.67679977,"longitude":29.0977993,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":141,"timeall":4562,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is a fluvial plain located behind a dune field.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1058,"reference_idsite":1058,"authors":"K.  Minoura, F. Imamura, U. Kuran, T. Nakamura, G.A. Papadopoulos, T. Takahashi, A.C. Yalciner","title":"Discovery of Minoan tsunami deposits","publication":"Geology","volume":"28","issue":"1","pages":"4","year":2000,"doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0059:DOMTD>2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"The Hellenic arc is a terrane of extensive Quaternary volcanism. One of the main centers of explosive eruptions is located on Thera (Santorini), and the eruption of the Thera volcano in late Minoan time (1600–1300 B.C.) is considered to have been the most significant Aegean explosive volcanism during the late Holocene. The last eruptive phase of Thera resulted in an enormous submarine caldera, which is believed to have produced tsunamis on a large scale. Evidence suggesting seawater inundation was found previously at some archaeological sites on the coast of Crete; however, the cause of the tsunami and its effects on the area have not been well understood. On the Aegean Sea coast of western Turkey (Didim and Fethye) and Crete (Gouves), we have found traces of tsunami deposits related to the Thera eruption. The sedimentological consequences and the hydraulics of a Thera caused tsunami indicate that the eruption of Thera volcano was earlier than the previous estimates and the tsunami did not have disruptive influence on Minoan civilization","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1058,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1058,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1058,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1058,"depth":0.98000002,"thicknessordimension":0.12,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a fine sandy layer composed of siliciclastic grains with shell fragments of shallow-marine gastropods of indeterminate genus. The layer shows landward-thinning sedimentation. No structures or sediment grading are present. This layer is sharply covered by 5-10-cm-thick white felsic tephra. ","labyoungestagelya":4303,"lyastddev":79,"youngestcalagemin":-2562,"youngestcalagemax":-2351,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-1620,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on samples of benthic foraminifera collected within the sandy layer. The results were calibrated to calendar years in accordance with Stuiver and Reimer (1993) and Stuiver and Braziunas (1993).  Refractive index measurements and XRF chemistry analysis were performed on the tephra above the sandy layer. These analyses attribute the tephra to the Thera eruption (1626-1628 BC). It’s possible to relate this siliciclastic silty sand deposit to the tsunamis triggered by the volcanic event in late Minoan time.","eventnotes":"The discrepancy of ~600 years between the age range of the sandy layer and the age range of Thera eruption is probably due that mollusk shells are rich in light carbon, which is supposed to have been contributed from organic matter in sediments. Biochemical assimilation of old carbon from sediment organic matter is the mechanism that might produce the age that is older by ~600 yr.","event_idevent":1060,"dating_idevent":1058,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1058,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Hydrodynamic","typeofevidence_idevent":1058,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[29.0978,36.6768,29.0978,36.6768]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.41","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[25.3199,35.3348]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":41,"sitename":"Gouves","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Greece","region":"Crete","province":"Candia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":35.33480072,"longitude":25.31990051,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":90,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site in characterized by an excavation in the archaeological site of Gouves, located 15 km to the east of Knossos. ","sitenotes":"The excavated site is situated 30-90 m inland from the Minoan harbor installation and 2-3 m high above present sea level.","timestamp":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1059,"reference_idsite":1059,"authors":"K.  Minoura, F. Imamura, U. Kuran, T. Nakamura, G.A. Papadopoulos, T. Takahashi, A.C. Yalciner ","title":"Discovery of Minoan tsunami deposits","publication":"Geology","volume":"28","issue":"1","pages":"4","year":2000,"doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0059:DOMTD>2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"The Hellenic arc is a terrane of extensive Quaternary volcanism. One of the main centers of explosive eruptions is located on Thera (Santorini), and the eruption of the Thera volcano in late Minoan time (1600–1300 B.C.) is considered to have been the most significant Aegean explosive volcanism during the late Holocene. The last eruptive phase of Thera resulted in an enormous submarine caldera, which is believed to have produced tsunamis on a large scale. Evidence suggesting seawater inundation was found previously at some archaeological sites on the coast of Crete; however, the cause of the tsunami and its effects on the area have not been well understood. On the Aegean Sea coast of western Turkey (Didim and Fethye) and Crete (Gouves), we have found traces of tsunami deposits related to the Thera eruption. The sedimentological consequences and the hydraulics of a Thera caused tsunami indicate that the eruption of Thera volcano was earlier than the previous estimates and the tsunami did not have disruptive influence on Minoan civilization.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1059,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1059,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1059,"artificialcut":"Yes","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":"Archaeological site","event_idsite":1059,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a thin veneer of carbonate marine sand, composed of unsorted grains of skeletal fragments. It was found on the floor of the late Minoan potter’s workshop. The sand is covered by 10 -20- cm-thick pumice layer.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-1620,"eventdescription":"The refractive - index - values  and the XRF chemistry suggest that the pumice of Gouves (the layer that lies above the tsunamigenic sand) comes from Thera eruption. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1061,"dating_idevent":1059,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1059,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Refractive index measurements; XRF","typeofevidence_idevent":1059,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[25.3199,35.3348,25.3199,35.3348]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.42","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[25.48,36.4052]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":42,"sitename":"Monolithos","yearinvestigationfrom":2013,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Aegean Islands","province":"Santorini Island","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":250,"latitude":36.40520096,"longitude":25.47999954,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":20,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":630,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site of Monolithos is located in the vineyards of the eastern coastal plain of Santorini, where slopes are gentle and cliffs poorly developed. ","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-05-10T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2017,"reference_idsite":2017,"authors":"Martina Ulvrova,  R. Paris, P. Nomikou, K. Kelfoun, S. Leibrandt , D.R. Tappin, F.W. McCoy","title":"Source of the tsunami generated by the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)","publication":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"321","issue":null,"pages":"15","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.034","abstract":"The 1650 AD explosive eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece) generated a destructive tsunami. In this paperwe propose a source mechanism of this poorly documented tsunami using both geological investigations and numerical simulations. Sedimentary evidence of the 1650 AD tsunami was found along the coast of Santorini Island at maximum altitudes ranging between 3.5 m a.s.l. (Perissa, southern coast) and 20 m a.s.l. (Monolithos, eastern coast), corresponding to a minimum inundation of 360 and 630 m respectively. Tsunami deposits consist of an irregular 5 to 30 cm thick layer of dark grey sand that overlies pumiceous deposits erupted during the Minoan eruption and are found at depths of 30–50 cm below the surface. Composition of the tsunami sand is similar to the composition of the present-day beach sand but differs from the pumiceous gravelly deposits on which it rests. The spatial distribution of the tsunami deposits was compared to available historical records and to the results of numerical simulations of tsunami inundation. Different source mechanisms were tested: earthquakes, underwater explosions, caldera collapse, and pyroclastic flows. The most probable source of the 1650 AD Kolumbo tsunami is a 250 m high water surface displacement generated by underwater explosion with an energy of ~2 × 1016 J at water depths between 20 and 150 m. The tsunamigenic explosion(s) occurred on September 29, 1650 during the transition between submarine and subaerial phases of the eruption. Caldera subsidence is not an efficient tsunami source mechanism as short (and probably unrealistic) collapse durations (<5 min) are needed. Pyroclastic flows cannot be discarded, but the required flux (106 to 107 m3 • s−1) is exceptionally high compared to the magnitude of the eruption.","contactname":"R. Paris","contactemail":"raphael.paris@uca.fr","compiler_idsite":2017,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"raphael.paris@uca.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2017,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2017,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2017,"depth":0.30000001,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer of dark beach-like sand overlain by soil. This sand rests uncomformably on reworked Minoan deposits. The soil overlying the dark grey sand contains abundant pumice lapilli, few of them displaying biotite, a mineral that is absent in Santorini but present in the eruptive products of the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1650,"eventdescription":"The sand layer corresponds to a post-Minoan tsunami, the tsunami generated during the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine being the most plausible candidate.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2029,"dating_idevent":2017,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2017,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2017,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[25.48,36.4052,25.48,36.4052]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.43","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[25.4719,36.3534]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":43,"sitename":"Perissa","yearinvestigationfrom":2013,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Aegean Islands","province":"Santorini Island","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":800,"latitude":36.35340118,"longitude":25.47190094,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":4,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":360,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site of Perissa is located on the southern coastal plain of Santorini Island. The coast display a beach and poorly-developped dunes (the coast has been subsequently modified by touristic activities).","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-05-10T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2018,"reference_idsite":2018,"authors":"Martina Ulvrova,  R. Paris, P. Nomikou, K. Kelfoun, S. Leibrandt , D.R. Tappin, F.W. McCoy","title":"Source of the tsunami generated by the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)","publication":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"321","issue":null,"pages":"15","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.034","abstract":"The 1650 AD explosive eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece) generated a destructive tsunami. In this paperwe propose a source mechanism of this poorly documented tsunami using both geological investigations and numerical simulations. Sedimentary evidence of the 1650 AD tsunami was found along the coast of Santorini Island at maximum altitudes ranging between 3.5 m a.s.l. (Perissa, southern coast) and 20 m a.s.l. (Monolithos, eastern coast), corresponding to a minimum inundation of 360 and 630 m respectively. Tsunami deposits consist of an irregular 5 to 30 cm thick layer of dark grey sand that overlies pumiceous deposits erupted during the Minoan eruption and are found at depths of 30–50 cm below the surface. Composition of the tsunami sand is similar to the composition of the present-day beach sand but differs from the pumiceous gravelly deposits on which it rests. The spatial distribution of the tsunami deposits was compared to available historical records and to the results of numerical simulations of tsunami inundation. Different source mechanisms were tested: earthquakes, underwater explosions, caldera collapse, and pyroclastic flows. The most probable source of the 1650 AD Kolumbo tsunami is a 250 m high water surface displacement generated by underwater explosion with an energy of ~2 × 1016 J at water depths between 20 and 150 m. The tsunamigenic explosion(s) occurred on September 29, 1650 during the transition between submarine and subaerial phases of the eruption. Caldera subsidence is not an efficient tsunami source mechanism as short (and probably unrealistic) collapse durations (<5 min) are needed. Pyroclastic flows cannot be discarded, but the required flux (106 to 107 m3 • s−1) is exceptionally high compared to the magnitude of the eruption.","contactname":"R. Paris","contactemail":"raphael.paris@uca.fr","compiler_idsite":2018,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"raphael.paris@uca.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2018,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2018,"artificialcut":"Yes","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2018,"depth":0.40000001,"thicknessordimension":0.30000001,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer of dark sand with fragments of bivalve shells and marine gastropods, interbedded in soil horizons. Dominant grain sizes are medium to fine sands with a composition similar to themodern beach.There are many cobbles and pebbles of mafic lavas at the base.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1650,"eventdescription":"The sand layer corresponds to a post-Minoan tsunami, the tsunami generated during the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine being the most plausible candidate.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2030,"dating_idevent":2018,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2018,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2018,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[25.4719,36.3534,25.4719,36.3534]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.44","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-3.9069,58.5377]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":44,"sitename":"Strath Halladale","yearinvestigationfrom":1997,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Scotland","region":"Sutherland","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":58.53770065,"longitude":-3.90689993,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2.20000005,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":null,"timeall":8585,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The radius of the area was arbitrarily chosen of 100 meters, because there are not information about the location of the cores","sitenotes":"The elevation of the site represents the highest observed tsunami sediment altitude, based upon UK Ordnance Datum Newlyon (OD). On the base of this, the depth of the deposit is fixed to  0.","timestamp":"2017-05-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2023,"reference_idsite":2023,"authors":"D.E. Smith, S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, D. Long","title":"The Holocene Storegga slide tsunami in the UK","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"31","year":2004,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"All currently known sites in the United Kingdom with evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami are described. Information on the altitude, distribution, stratigraphical context, age, particle size profile and microfossil characteristics of the deposits is presented. The tsunami involved a greater area than previously described, reaching a coastline over 600km long. The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. The tsunami sediments identified here are considered particularly valuable as a synchronous marker horizon.","contactname":"David Smith","contactemail":"d.smith@uwclub.net","compiler_idsite":2023,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2023,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2023,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2023,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.73000002,"evidencedescription":"Sequence of minerogenic horizons","labyoungestagelya":7290,"lyastddev":50,"youngestcalagemin":-6229,"youngestcalagemax":-6026,"laboldestage":7590,"loastddev":50,"oldestcalagemin":-6585,"oldestcalagemax":-6258,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":"Authors relate this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2035,"dating_idevent":2023,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2023,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2023,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-3.9069,58.5377,-3.9069,58.5377]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.45","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-3.1276,58.4535]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":45,"sitename":"Wick River","yearinvestigationfrom":1997,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Scotland","region":"Caithness","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":58.45349884,"longitude":-3.12759995,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.5,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":null,"timeall":9026,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The radius of the area was arbitrarily chosen of 100 meters, because there are not information about the location of the cores","sitenotes":"The elevation of the site represents the highest observed tsunami sediment altitude, based upon UK Ordnance Datum Newlyon (OD). On the base of this, the depth of the deposit is fixed to  0.","timestamp":"2017-05-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2024,"reference_idsite":2024,"authors":"D.E. Smith, S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, D. Long","title":"The Holocene Storegga slide tsunami in the UK","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"31","year":2004,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"All currently known sites in the United Kingdom with evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami are described. Information on the altitude, distribution, stratigraphical context, age, particle size profile and microfossil characteristics of the deposits is presented. The tsunami involved a greater area than previously described, reaching a coastline over 600km long. The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. The tsunami sediments identified here are considered particularly valuable as a synchronous marker horizon.","contactname":"David Smith","contactemail":"d.smith@uwclub.net","compiler_idsite":2024,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2024,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2024,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2024,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.18000001,"evidencedescription":"Fine sand horizon within peat","labyoungestagelya":7070,"lyastddev":80,"youngestcalagemin":-6154,"youngestcalagemax":-5747,"laboldestage":7810,"loastddev":70,"oldestcalagemin":-7026,"oldestcalagemax":-6463,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":"Authors relate this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2036,"dating_idevent":2024,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2024,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2024,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-3.1276,58.4535,-3.1276,58.4535]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.46","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2077,37.753]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":46,"sitename":"Anguillara","yearinvestigationfrom":2006,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Catania","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":37.75299835,"longitude":15.20769978,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":280,"timeall":575,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the northeastern flank of Mt. Etna area behind an Holocene coastal dune. This site was filled by clastic sediments derived from the erosion of the Peloritani MTs and the Etna lavas.","sitenotes":"Anguillara site is characterized by an alluvial environment, probably related to flow of the Macchia stream.","timestamp":"2014-12-17T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1042,"reference_idsite":1042,"authors":"M.S. Barbano, P.M. De Martini, D. Pantosti, A. Smedile, P. Del Carlo, F. Gerardi, P. Guarnieri and C. Pirrotta","title":"IN SEARCH OF TSUNAMI DEPOSITS ALONG THE EASTERN COAST OF SICILY (ITALY): THE STATE OF THE ART","publication":"Recent Progress on Earthquake Geology (Editor: Pierpaolo Guarnieri)","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":"38","year":2009,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Eastern Sicily has been affected in historical times by large earthquakes followed by devastating tsunamis, such as the 1169, 1693 and 1908 events. In order to provide a long-term assessment for tsunami recurrence and related hazards, we developed a multi-disciplinary study, with a paleoseismological approach, aimed to recognize and date historical and paleotsunami deposits. Starting from information on the effects of known tsunamis (hit localities, inundation areas, run-up heights) and with a geomorphological approach, we selected several sites—such as coastal lakes, marshes and lagoons—potentially suitable for preserving tsunami deposits. In these sites, 64 test gouge cores have been dug by hand and engine coring. In order to reconstruct paleoenvironments and to identify potential paleotsunami deposits, sedimentological and paleontological analyses were carried out. Magnetic and X-ray analyses were used to highlight susceptibility variations and peculiar small-scale sedimentary structures not detectable through the standard stratigraphic investigation. Moreover, radiocarbon dating and tephra identification provide age ranges of the tsunami deposits and constraints for sedimentation rates allowing the correlation with historical events. At Capo Peloro in northeastern Sicily, combining archaeological, historical, and C14 data, we associated two tsunami deposits with the earthquakes occurred in 1783 and 17 A.D. We also collected evidence for the occurrence of multiple inundations at sites in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna: three events in the past 580 yrs at the Anguillara site and four events in the past 4000 yrs at the Gurna site. In southeastern Sicily, in the Augusta bay, combining historical, tephrostratigraphical and C14 dating, we reconstructed a tsunami inundation history composed of six events in the past 4000 yrs; the two most recent ones are related to the 1693 and 1169 earthquakes.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1042,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1042,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Alluvial environment","typeofsite_idsite":1042,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1042,"depth":3.5,"thicknessordimension":0.06,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a detritic layer made by metamorphic rounded clasts in a dark grey silty – clay matrix, with two echinoderms fragments and high concentration of roots and seeds. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":425,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":1425,"oldestcalagemax":1510,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1542,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a charcoal sampled just below the detritic layer (about 1 cm). Radiocarbon age was calibrated according to Calib REV5.0.2 by Stuiver and Reimer, 2005. This deposit can be related to the tsunami of December 10, 1542.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1047,"dating_idevent":1042,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1042,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1042,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2077,37.753,15.2077,37.753]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.168","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-6.212,36.557]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":168,"sitename":"Valdelagrana","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1998,"country":"Spain","region":"Andalusia","province":"Cadiz","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.55699921,"longitude":-6.21199989,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":4,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":1000,"timeall":6500,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"washover fans","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-02-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2008,"reference_idsite":2008,"authors":"Dabrio et al.","title":"The record of the tsunami produced by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake in Valdelagrana spit (Gulf of Cadiz, southern Spain)","publication":"Geogaceta","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"4","year":1998,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2008,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"r.paris@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2008,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"sand spit","typeofsite_idsite":2008,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2008,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"washover fan unit H4 in Dabrio et al. (1998) and Luque et al. (2002)","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":"1755 Lisbon earthquake","event_idevent":2009,"dating_idevent":2008,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2008,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2008,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-6.212,36.557,-6.212,36.557]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.47","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2077,37.753]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":47,"sitename":"Anguillara","yearinvestigationfrom":2006,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Catania","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":37.75299835,"longitude":15.20769978,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":280,"timeall":575,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the northeastern flank of Mt. Etna area behind an Holocene coastal dune. This site was filled by clastic sediments derived from the erosion of the Peloritani MTs and the Etna lavas.","sitenotes":"Anguillara site is characterized by an alluvial environment, probably related to flow of the Macchia stream.","timestamp":"2014-12-17T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1042,"reference_idsite":1042,"authors":"M.S. Barbano, P.M. De Martini, D. Pantosti, A. Smedile, P. Del Carlo, F. Gerardi, P. Guarnieri and C. Pirrotta","title":"IN SEARCH OF TSUNAMI DEPOSITS ALONG THE EASTERN COAST OF SICILY (ITALY): THE STATE OF THE ART","publication":"Recent Progress on Earthquake Geology (Editor: Pierpaolo Guarnieri)","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":"38","year":2009,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Eastern Sicily has been affected in historical times by large earthquakes followed by devastating tsunamis, such as the 1169, 1693 and 1908 events. 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Moreover, radiocarbon dating and tephra identification provide age ranges of the tsunami deposits and constraints for sedimentation rates allowing the correlation with historical events. At Capo Peloro in northeastern Sicily, combining archaeological, historical, and C14 data, we associated two tsunami deposits with the earthquakes occurred in 1783 and 17 A.D. We also collected evidence for the occurrence of multiple inundations at sites in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna: three events in the past 580 yrs at the Anguillara site and four events in the past 4000 yrs at the Gurna site. In southeastern Sicily, in the Augusta bay, combining historical, tephrostratigraphical and C14 dating, we reconstructed a tsunami inundation history composed of six events in the past 4000 yrs; the two most recent ones are related to the 1693 and 1169 earthquakes.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1042,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1042,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Alluvial environment","typeofsite_idsite":1042,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1042,"depth":0.60000002,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer composed by sand with few vegetal remains. Samples of this layer unfortunately lack of any microfossils.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":335,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":1455,"oldestcalagemax":1635,"preferredagemin":1880,"preferredagemax":1920,"historicalage":1908,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a charcoal sampled about 155 cm below the sandy layer. Radiocarbon age was calibrated according to Calib REV5.0.2 by Stuiver and Reimer, 2005. The preferred age was obtained using the sedimentation rate of 6-7 mm/y for the past 580 years, excluding or including the tsunami deposit respectively. The sedimentation rate was calculated taking into account the age of a deepest sample (3.57 meters; 1425 – 1510 A.D.). This event can be related to the strong tsunami of December 28, 1908.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1045,"dating_idevent":1042,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1042,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1042,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2077,37.753,15.2077,37.753]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.48","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2077,37.753]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":48,"sitename":"Anguillara","yearinvestigationfrom":2006,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Catania","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":37.75299835,"longitude":15.20769978,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":280,"timeall":575,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the northeastern flank of Mt. 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Moreover, radiocarbon dating and tephra identification provide age ranges of the tsunami deposits and constraints for sedimentation rates allowing the correlation with historical events. At Capo Peloro in northeastern Sicily, combining archaeological, historical, and C14 data, we associated two tsunami deposits with the earthquakes occurred in 1783 and 17 A.D. We also collected evidence for the occurrence of multiple inundations at sites in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna: three events in the past 580 yrs at the Anguillara site and four events in the past 4000 yrs at the Gurna site. In southeastern Sicily, in the Augusta bay, combining historical, tephrostratigraphical and C14 dating, we reconstructed a tsunami inundation history composed of six events in the past 4000 yrs; the two most recent ones are related to the 1693 and 1169 earthquakes.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1042,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1042,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Alluvial environment","typeofsite_idsite":1042,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1042,"depth":1.95000005,"thicknessordimension":0.05,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer composed by fine sand with few vegetal remains. Samples of this layer unfortunately lack of any microfossils.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":335,"loastddev":30,"oldestcalagemin":1455,"oldestcalagemax":1635,"preferredagemin":1660,"preferredagemax":1710,"historicalage":1693,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a charcoal sampled below the sandy layer. Radiocarbon age was calibrated according to Calib REV5.0.2 by Stuiver and Reimer, 2005. The preferred age was obtained using the sedimentation rate of 6-7 mm/y for the past 580 years, excluding or including the tsunami deposit respectively. The sedimentation rate was calculated taking into account the age of a deepest sample (3.57 meters; 1425 – 1510 A.D.). This event can be related to the historical tsunami of January 11, 1693.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1046,"dating_idevent":1042,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1042,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1042,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2077,37.753,15.2077,37.753]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.49","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[18.4925,40.0848]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":49,"sitename":"Torre S. Emiliano","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Lecce","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":750,"latitude":40.08480072,"longitude":18.49250031,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":10,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":90,"timeall":505,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located along the eastern coast of southern Salento (Apulia region, Italy), between Torre S. Emiliano and Porto Badisco localities.","sitenotes":"The site consists of an accumulation of  boulders on a wide marine terraced platform, about 150 m wide, and stretches from 10 m to 4 m above sea level. A 13m high paleocliff, marked by the flows of small river valleys, borders the platform landward; the outer border is a steep cliff, deeply modified by coastal karstic features (pinnacles, grooves, and so on). The marine terraced surface is mantled by a thin colluvial cover made of red clayey sands which thickens seaward.","timestamp":"2015-02-03T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1049,"reference_idsite":1049,"authors":"G. Mastronuzzi , C. Pignatelli , P. Sansò , G. Selleri","title":"Boulder accumulations produced by the 20th of February, 1743 tsunami along the coast of southeastern Salento (Apulia region, Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"242","issue":null,"pages":"15","year":2007,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.025","url":null,"abstract":"The detachment of large boulders in the nearshore zone and their deposition farther inland are the main morphological effects of tsunamis on rocky coasts. Along the Otranto–Leuca coast (southeastern Apulia, Italy), two boulder accumulations have been recognized and studied. At the Torre Sasso locality, boulders weighing up to 31 t are scattered from sea level to about 5 m of elevation and clustered in groups of several imbricated elements. At Torre S. Emiliano an impressive accumulation made of large boulders has been recognized and studied. The accumulation is about 30 m wide and follows the present coastline for about 2.5 km at a variable distance of 15 to 40 m. Looking closer, it is compounded by two ridges. The ridge closer to the coastline shows a very steep slope seaward made of very large boulders emplaced in a vertical position; its top reaches about 11 m above m.s.l. The inner belt is lower than the outer one and consists of smaller boulders; it partly covers a 2 m thick colluvial deposit made of reddish sands. Huge blocks, weighing up to 70 t, cover the carved surface stretching from the coastline to the front of the first ridge. Analysis of the imbrication axes indicates that the catastrophic waves responsible for the development of the boulder accumulations most likely propagated from SSE to NNW direction. Karstic features occurring on the surface of the innermost boulders indicate a very recent age for their deposition as no differences have been found between the aerial-exposed surface and the soil-covered one. Three AMS radiocarbon age determinations performed on marine shells found landward the boulders have accumulated recently, i.e. within the last three centuries. Moreover, archeological remains in the top layers of the colluvial deposits covered by the boulders can be referenced to 16th–17th centuries. This evidence suggests that the 20th of February, 1743 earthquake was responsible for the generation of two large tsunami waves which caused the boulder accumulations to deposit. This earthquake was particularly violent in the Salento region where it reached grade IX on the MCS scale. Interestingly, chronicles of this event record a withdrawal of the sea in the Brindisi harbour, north of the study area. This study highlights the tsunamigenic potential offshore the southeastern Salento coast requiring that further strategies be devoted to mitigate the tsunami risk.","contactname":"P. Sansò","contactemail":"paolo.sanso@unile.it","compiler_idsite":1049,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1049,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"rocky coast - marine terrace platform","typeofsite_idsite":1049,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1049,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":5,"evidencedescription":"The event is represented by a boulder accumulation recognized on a wide marine terraced platform. The boulder accumulation is compound by two ridges  separated by a trough about 15 – 20 m wide and 2 m deep. Both ridges are made of limestone imbricated boulders. Most of these elements come from the supratidal zone, detached from the platform along joints and strata planes which locally dip seaward.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":519,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":1495,"oldestcalagemax":1806,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1743,"eventdescription":"One  AMS radiocarbon age determination has been performed on a bioconcretion (Lyithophyllum lichenoides Phil ), (LOA). The results of the AMS analysis have been calibrated by using the CALIB 5.0 software (Stuiver and Reimer, 2005) and adopting a delta R value of 121±60. Results indicate that the samples have a recent age; their deposition would have occurred about five -two centuries ago. Archeological analysis in the top of layers of colluvial deposits, covered by the boulders, have been carried out. These archeological remnants can be referenced to 16Th – 17th centuries. It’ s possible to relate this event to the strong tsunami of  February 20, 1743.","eventnotes":"The collected data indicate that the investigated boulder accumulations were produced about three century ago by at least two large tsunami waves, propagating from the SSE with a run – up of about 11 m.","event_idevent":1048,"dating_idevent":1049,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1049,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Topographical and scuba survey, Hydrodynamic","typeofevidence_idevent":1049,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[18.4925,40.0848,18.4925,40.0848]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.50","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[17.7071,40.7579]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":50,"sitename":"Torre Santa Sabina","yearinvestigationfrom":2001,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Brindisi","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":350,"latitude":40.75790024,"longitude":17.70709991,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":333,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Torre Santa Sabina is located approximately 30 km to the northwest of Brindisi. The coast is generally composed of a rocky platform, partly corresponding to the last interglacial transgression surface. It is shaped on Plio-Pleistocene calcareous sandstones that are affected by a system of long subparallel fractures, sealed by laminated calcitic filling.","sitenotes":"The platform, gently sloping seaward, is placed between 0.5 and 2m above m.s.l. and shows a mean slope lower than 4°. In greater detail, the platform surface is affected by weathering micro- and meso-landforms in correspondence with its seaward limit. Wave erosion has shaped in its easternmost part a short, wide channel open to the NNE direction. The detailed submerged profile of the coast is marked by an irregular, steep surface which joins the low tide platform, up to 8m wide, to a sandy plain placed at a depth of approximately 4.5 m.","timestamp":"2015-02-03T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1050,"reference_idsite":1050,"authors":"Giuseppe Mastronuzzi, Paolo Sansò","title":"Large boulder accumulations by extreme waves along the Adriatic coast of southern Apulia (Italy)","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"120","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2004,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2004.01.016","url":null,"abstract":"The Adriatic coast of southern Apulia (Italy) is marked by the presence of large boulder accumulations. Boulders are up to 8 t in weight and arranged either in small groups or rows composed of a few imbricated elements. The lower surface of some of the boulders is covered by biogenic encrustation which suggests that they were possibly carved from the mid or sublittoral zone and that they capsized during their transport. Other boulders, detached from the supratidal zone, have their surface affected by tilted rock pools. New horizontal solution pans are continually forming. A detailed survey of a large boulder accumulation was carried out at Torre Santa Sabina. Direct observations were also made concerning the carving out and transportation of one single boulder during the severe storms in that area on January 4th, 2002 and on January 12th, 2003. Collated data from both the survey and the direct observations including some radiocarbon age determinations and hydrodynamic calculations suggest that the studied accumulation was due to the superimposed effects of one or two tsunami as well as of storm waves. Tsunami would be responsible for the detachment and transportation of the largest boulders, while storm waves may have been responsible for the carving out and transportation of the newer, smaller blocks and for moving once again the largest boulders. It was in this way that a typical boulder accumulation was produced. The collated data suggest that two tsunami may have recently struck the Adriatic coast of southern Apulia. The first possibly took place on the Dalmatian coast as a result of the earthquake on April 6, 1667 which destroyed Ragusa (modern day Dubrovnik). The second tsunami would have accompanied the strong earthquake which took place in southern Apulia on February 20, 1743.","contactname":"G. Mastronuzzi","contactemail":"g.mastrozz@geo.uniba.it","compiler_idsite":1050,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1050,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"rocky platform","typeofsite_idsite":1050,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1050,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":3.29999995,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a boulders accumulation. Boulders are scattered along a strip stretching from the coastline to a maximum altitude of 2 m. However, the largest boulders are concentrated along a narrow belt WSW–ENE oriented, between 0.5 and 1.5m above m.s.l. The largest boulders are slabs of calcareous sandstones with sizes up to 2.9x2.4x0.7m3 and weighing up to 8 t. They are generally arranged in small groups of three or four elements, often imbricated and disposed in lines. The surfaces of some boulders were colonised by marine organisms living in the mid-infra littoral zone as Dendropoma sp. and bored by Lithophaga shells. In a few cases, biogenic encrustations can be observed at the lower face of boulders, indicating that they must have been overturned during their transportation.","labyoungestagelya":540,"lyastddev":60,"youngestcalagemin":1797,"youngestcalagemax":1904,"laboldestage":610,"loastddev":60,"oldestcalagemin":1667,"oldestcalagemax":1843,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1743,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on samples of Dendropoma sp. Age calibration for marine samples was performed by mean of CALIB 4.3 software and adopting ΔR values of 43±48 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1998). It’s difficult to relate this event to a historical tsunami. Data suggest that two tsunami have recently struck the Adriatic coast of southern Apulia. The first took place on the Dalmatian coast as a result of the earthquake on April 6, 1667. The second tsunami would have accompanied the strong earthquake which took place in southern Apulia on February 20, 1743.","eventnotes":"Thanks to hydrodynamics equations (Nott, 1997) it was possible to identify the boulders transported by tsunami waves. From the authors point of view, it is very probable that the largest boulders (more than 2,5 t in weight) were initially carved out and transported to the seaward edge of a rocky platform by tsunami, and then moved again during following extreme sea storms events.","event_idevent":1049,"dating_idevent":1050,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1050,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1050,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[17.7071,40.7579,17.7071,40.7579]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.169","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-6.215,36.587]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":169,"sitename":"Valdelagrana 2","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2002,"country":"Spain","region":"Andalusia","province":"Cadiz","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.5870018,"longitude":-6.21500015,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":1600,"timeall":4400,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"washover fans","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-02-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2009,"reference_idsite":2009,"authors":"Luque et al.","title":"Sedimentary record of a tsunami during Roman times, Bay of Cadiz, Spain","publication":"Journal of Quaternary Science","volume":"17","issue":"5-6","pages":"9","year":2002,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2009,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"r.paris@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2009,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2009,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2009,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":1,"evidencedescription":"washover fan unit H3 in Luque et al. (2002)","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":2340,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":250,"oldestcalagemax":-190,"preferredagemin":1860,"preferredagemax":2400,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating on bivalve shells","eventnotes":"216-218 BC Roman tsunami?","event_idevent":2010,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2009,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"geomorphology","typeofevidence_idevent":2009,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-6.215,36.587,-6.215,36.587]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.51","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.8824,41.6001]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":51,"sitename":"Siponto","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Foggia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":400,"latitude":41.60010147,"longitude":15.88239956,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1300,"timeall":4130,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The area South of Siponto, that was once the seaport of the ancient Roman town of Siponto, was naturally filled with sediment and is today represented by a low lying area extending inland roughly 1.0-1.3 km. ","sitenotes":"This 0.5 km2 region is currently used for farming and is dissected by a dense network of irrigation ditches draining the abundant spring water away.","timestamp":"2015-02-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1051,"reference_idsite":1051,"authors":"Paolo Marco De Martini, Pierfrancesco Burrato, Daniela Pantosti, Alessandra Maramai,  Laura Graziani and Hans Abramson","title":"Identification of tsunami deposits and liquefaction features in the Gargano area(Italy): paleoseismological implication","publication":"ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS","volume":"46","issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2003,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Gargano region (Southeastern Italy) was hit by a M = 6.8 earthquake and inundated by a subsequent tsunami in 1627. To better define the hazard in the region, we searched for evidence of this and prior earthquakes in the geologic record. We identified potential earthquake-related liquefaction features and tsunami deposits in the stratigraphic sequences of the marsh areas both north and south of the Gargano promontory. We recognized clear liquefaction features and possible tsunamigenic sands that can be related to the 1627 seismic event in irrigation ditch exposures and gouge cores along the Northern Gargano coast. In total, six potential tsunami sand deposits have been recognized in two areas located close to the northern and southern coasts of the Gargano promontory. However, ambiguous evidence comes from the paleontological analysis of these sands. Although fragments of marine shells have been found in the coarser portion of the sand samples, foraminifera and ostracods assemblages are typical of brackish water condition. Radiocarbon dating of three of these deposits from the Northern Gargano coast, near the town of Lesina, suggests an average recurrence interval of 1700 years for tsunami events in this area. Assuming that all the paleotsunamis are related to the same seismogenic source responsible for the 1627 earthquake, this average recurrence interval may be typical for that source. Radiocarbon dating of three sand layers observed on the southern coast, close to the city of Manfredonia, suggests that the average recurrence time for violent sea inundation there is about 1200 years.","contactname":"Paolo Marco De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1051,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1051,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1051,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1051,"depth":0.40000001,"thicknessordimension":0.15000001,"evidencedescription":"The evidence consists of mixed pockets of tan fine-grained sand, silt, blackish muddy peat, and broken and ground fragments of yellowish tufa, in varying amounts. It most commonly has a sharp lower and a gradational upper contacts.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":1710,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":240,"oldestcalagemax":420,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1627,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon ages were performed on a charcoal sampled just below the sandy layer (ages calibrated in according to Calib 4.3 by Stuiver et al., 1998a,b). It’s possible to relate this deposit to the strong tsunami of July 30, 1627.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1050,"dating_idevent":1051,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1051,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1051,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.8824,41.6001,15.8824,41.6001]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.52","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.8824,41.6001]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":52,"sitename":"Siponto","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Foggia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":400,"latitude":41.60010147,"longitude":15.88239956,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1300,"timeall":4130,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The area South of Siponto, that was once the seaport of the ancient Roman town of Siponto, was naturally filled with sediment and is today represented by a low lying area extending inland roughly 1.0-1.3 km. ","sitenotes":"This 0.5 km2 region is currently used for farming and is dissected by a dense network of irrigation ditches draining the abundant spring water away.","timestamp":"2015-02-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1051,"reference_idsite":1051,"authors":"Paolo Marco De Martini, Pierfrancesco Burrato, Daniela Pantosti, Alessandra Maramai,  Laura Graziani and Hans Abramson","title":"Identification of tsunami deposits and liquefaction features in the Gargano area(Italy): paleoseismological implication","publication":"ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS","volume":"46","issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2003,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Gargano region (Southeastern Italy) was hit by a M = 6.8 earthquake and inundated by a subsequent tsunami in 1627. To better define the hazard in the region, we searched for evidence of this and prior earthquakes in the geologic record. We identified potential earthquake-related liquefaction features and tsunami deposits in the stratigraphic sequences of the marsh areas both north and south of the Gargano promontory. We recognized clear liquefaction features and possible tsunamigenic sands that can be related to the 1627 seismic event in irrigation ditch exposures and gouge cores along the Northern Gargano coast. In total, six potential tsunami sand deposits have been recognized in two areas located close to the northern and southern coasts of the Gargano promontory. However, ambiguous evidence comes from the paleontological analysis of these sands. Although fragments of marine shells have been found in the coarser portion of the sand samples, foraminifera and ostracods assemblages are typical of brackish water condition. Radiocarbon dating of three of these deposits from the Northern Gargano coast, near the town of Lesina, suggests an average recurrence interval of 1700 years for tsunami events in this area. Assuming that all the paleotsunamis are related to the same seismogenic source responsible for the 1627 earthquake, this average recurrence interval may be typical for that source. Radiocarbon dating of three sand layers observed on the southern coast, close to the city of Manfredonia, suggests that the average recurrence time for violent sea inundation there is about 1200 years.","contactname":"Paolo Marco De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1051,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1051,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1051,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1051,"depth":0.69999999,"thicknessordimension":0.03,"evidencedescription":"The evidence consists of a discontinuous 1-3 cm layer of fine- to medium-grained, gray sand in sharp contact with the surrounding black peat.","labyoungestagelya":1710,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":240,"youngestcalagemax":420,"laboldestage":1650,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":320,"oldestcalagemax":530,"preferredagemin":320,"preferredagemax":420,"historicalage":365,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon ages were performed on charcoal samples collected above and below the sandy layer (ages calibrated in according to Calib 4.3 by Stuiver et al., 1998a,b). It is possible to relate the event to the historical tsunami of July 21, 365 Crete","eventnotes":"At the Siponto site, in a ditch, two fragments of pottery lie at a depth of 70 cm. Archeological analysis dated these fragments between 400 and 1200 AD. Taking into account the depth of the shards and their stratigraphic position they were deposited before the disturbance layer. This archaeological estimate agrees with the radiocarbon ages and further constrains the timing of this event.","event_idevent":1051,"dating_idevent":1051,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1051,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1051,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.8824,41.6001,15.8824,41.6001]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.53","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.8824,41.6001]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":53,"sitename":"Siponto","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Foggia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":400,"latitude":41.60010147,"longitude":15.88239956,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1300,"timeall":4130,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The area South of Siponto, that was once the seaport of the ancient Roman town of Siponto, was naturally filled with sediment and is today represented by a low lying area extending inland roughly 1.0-1.3 km. ","sitenotes":"This 0.5 km2 region is currently used for farming and is dissected by a dense network of irrigation ditches draining the abundant spring water away.","timestamp":"2015-02-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1051,"reference_idsite":1051,"authors":"Paolo Marco De Martini, Pierfrancesco Burrato, Daniela Pantosti, Alessandra Maramai,  Laura Graziani and Hans Abramson","title":"Identification of tsunami deposits and liquefaction features in the Gargano area(Italy): paleoseismological implication","publication":"ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS","volume":"46","issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2003,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Gargano region (Southeastern Italy) was hit by a M = 6.8 earthquake and inundated by a subsequent tsunami in 1627. To better define the hazard in the region, we searched for evidence of this and prior earthquakes in the geologic record. We identified potential earthquake-related liquefaction features and tsunami deposits in the stratigraphic sequences of the marsh areas both north and south of the Gargano promontory. We recognized clear liquefaction features and possible tsunamigenic sands that can be related to the 1627 seismic event in irrigation ditch exposures and gouge cores along the Northern Gargano coast. In total, six potential tsunami sand deposits have been recognized in two areas located close to the northern and southern coasts of the Gargano promontory. However, ambiguous evidence comes from the paleontological analysis of these sands. Although fragments of marine shells have been found in the coarser portion of the sand samples, foraminifera and ostracods assemblages are typical of brackish water condition. Radiocarbon dating of three of these deposits from the Northern Gargano coast, near the town of Lesina, suggests an average recurrence interval of 1700 years for tsunami events in this area. Assuming that all the paleotsunamis are related to the same seismogenic source responsible for the 1627 earthquake, this average recurrence interval may be typical for that source. Radiocarbon dating of three sand layers observed on the southern coast, close to the city of Manfredonia, suggests that the average recurrence time for violent sea inundation there is about 1200 years.","contactname":"Paolo Marco De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1051,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1051,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1051,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1051,"depth":2.5,"thicknessordimension":0.05,"evidencedescription":"The evidence consists of layer of normally graded fine – to medium grain tan sand. Sand grains are well rounded and the layer contains no mud in the interstices. It sharply overlies brown peat and underlies peaty mud in gradational contact. Samples of this layer unfortunately lack of both flora and fauna.","labyoungestagelya":3250,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":-1620,"youngestcalagemax":-1430,"laboldestage":3630,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":-2130,"oldestcalagemax":-1880,"preferredagemin":-2130,"preferredagemax":-1430,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon ages were performed on charcoal samples collected above and below the sandy layer (ages calibrated in according to Calib 4.3 by Stuiver et al., 1998a,b).","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1052,"dating_idevent":1051,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1051,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1051,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.8824,41.6001,15.8824,41.6001]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.54","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.5692,41.9134]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":54,"sitename":"Lesina Lake","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Foggia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":650,"latitude":41.91339874,"longitude":15.56919956,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1000,"timeall":5630,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is characterized by 5 km2 marshy area located in the northeastern edge of Lesina Lake (Gargano promontory, Apulia, Italy) where five sites, located as far as 1 km inland from the modern shoreline, were studied.","sitenotes":"The marshy eastern end of Lesina Lake and the low, narrow sand spit that separates it from the sea combine to create conditions favorable for deposition and preservation of tsunami deposits.","timestamp":"2015-02-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1052,"reference_idsite":1052,"authors":"Paolo Marco De Martini, Pierfrancesco Burrato, Daniela Pantosti, Alessandra Maramai,  Laura Graziani and Hans Abramson","title":"Identification of tsunami deposits and liquefaction features in the Gargano area(Italy): paleoseismological implication","publication":"ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS","volume":"46","issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2003,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Gargano region (Southeastern Italy) was hit by a M = 6.8 earthquake and inundated by a subsequent tsunami in 1627. To better define the hazard in the region, we searched for evidence of this and prior earthquakes in the geologic record. We identified potential earthquake-related liquefaction features and tsunami deposits in the stratigraphic sequences of the marsh areas both north and south of the Gargano promontory. We recognized clear liquefaction features and possible tsunamigenic sands that can be related to the 1627 seismic event in irrigation ditch exposures and gouge cores along the Northern Gargano coast. In total, six potential tsunami sand deposits have been recognized in two areas located close to the northern and southern coasts of the Gargano promontory. However, ambiguous evidence comes from the paleontological analysis of these sands. Although fragments of marine shells have been found in the coarser portion of the sand samples, foraminifera and ostracods assemblages are typical of brackish water condition. Radiocarbon dating of three of these deposits from the Northern Gargano coast, near the town of Lesina, suggests an average recurrence interval of 1700 years for tsunami events in this area. Assuming that all the paleotsunamis are related to the same seismogenic source responsible for the 1627 earthquake, this average recurrence interval may be typical for that source. Radiocarbon dating of three sand layers observed on the southern coast, close to the city of Manfredonia, suggests that the average recurrence time for violent sea inundation there is about 1200 years.","contactname":"Paolo Marco De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1052,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia ","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1052,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1052,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1052,"depth":0.69999999,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer characterized by a light brown, medium to fine sand, with shell fragments concentrated at the bottom. It shows a sharp lower contact.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":280,"loastddev":120,"oldestcalagemin":1440,"oldestcalagemax":1890,"preferredagemin":1450,"preferredagemax":1640,"historicalage":1627,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon ages were performed on a charcoal sampled just below the sandy layer (LOA) and on a charcoal sample collected within a convoluted layer exposed along an irrigation ditch (preferred age), (ages calibrated in according to Calib 4.3 by Stuiver et al., 1998a,b). It’s possible to relate this deposit to the strong tsunami of July 30, 1627.","eventnotes":"Authors expect the event age to be possibly very close to the age of samples considering their stratigraphic position and an uninterrupted sedimentation at this site.","event_idevent":1053,"dating_idevent":1052,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1052,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1052,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.5692,41.9134,15.5692,41.9134]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.170","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-6.322,36.955]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":170,"sitename":"Donana","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2001,"country":"Spain","region":"Andalusia","province":"Cadiz","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.95500183,"longitude":-6.32200003,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":13500,"timeall":2550,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"marsh near Lucio del Pescador","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-02-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2010,"reference_idsite":2010,"authors":"Luque et al.","title":"Tsunami deposits as paleoseismic indicators: examples form the Spanish coast","publication":"Acta Geologica Hispanica","volume":"36","issue":"3-4","pages":"15","year":2001,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2010,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"r.paris@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2010,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2010,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2010,"depth":7.1500001,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"sandy interval at 7.15 m deep","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":2500,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating on shells (Lario et al., 2000)","eventnotes":"216-218 BC Roman tsunami?","event_idevent":2012,"dating_idevent":2010,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2010,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2010,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-6.322,36.955,-6.322,36.955]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.55","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.5692,41.9134]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":55,"sitename":"Lesina Lake","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Foggia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":650,"latitude":41.91339874,"longitude":15.56919956,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1000,"timeall":5630,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is characterized by 5 km2 marshy area located in the northeastern edge of Lesina Lake (Gargano promontory, Apulia, Italy) where five sites, located as far as 1 km inland from the modern shoreline, were studied.","sitenotes":"The marshy eastern end of Lesina Lake and the low, narrow sand spit that separates it from the sea combine to create conditions favorable for deposition and preservation of tsunami deposits.","timestamp":"2015-02-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1052,"reference_idsite":1052,"authors":"Paolo Marco De Martini, Pierfrancesco Burrato, Daniela Pantosti, Alessandra Maramai,  Laura Graziani and Hans Abramson","title":"Identification of tsunami deposits and liquefaction features in the Gargano area(Italy): paleoseismological implication","publication":"ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS","volume":"46","issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2003,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Gargano region (Southeastern Italy) was hit by a M = 6.8 earthquake and inundated by a subsequent tsunami in 1627. To better define the hazard in the region, we searched for evidence of this and prior earthquakes in the geologic record. We identified potential earthquake-related liquefaction features and tsunami deposits in the stratigraphic sequences of the marsh areas both north and south of the Gargano promontory. We recognized clear liquefaction features and possible tsunamigenic sands that can be related to the 1627 seismic event in irrigation ditch exposures and gouge cores along the Northern Gargano coast. In total, six potential tsunami sand deposits have been recognized in two areas located close to the northern and southern coasts of the Gargano promontory. However, ambiguous evidence comes from the paleontological analysis of these sands. Although fragments of marine shells have been found in the coarser portion of the sand samples, foraminifera and ostracods assemblages are typical of brackish water condition. Radiocarbon dating of three of these deposits from the Northern Gargano coast, near the town of Lesina, suggests an average recurrence interval of 1700 years for tsunami events in this area. Assuming that all the paleotsunamis are related to the same seismogenic source responsible for the 1627 earthquake, this average recurrence interval may be typical for that source. Radiocarbon dating of three sand layers observed on the southern coast, close to the city of Manfredonia, suggests that the average recurrence time for violent sea inundation there is about 1200 years.","contactname":"Paolo Marco De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1052,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia ","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1052,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1052,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1052,"depth":2.70000005,"thicknessordimension":0.05,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer characterized by grey fine sand, with abundant shell fragments. This layer has a sharp lower contact.","labyoungestagelya":280,"lyastddev":120,"youngestcalagemin":1440,"youngestcalagemax":1890,"laboldestage":4750,"loastddev":90,"oldestcalagemin":-3700,"oldestcalagemax":-3350,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon ages were performed on a charcoal samples collected above and below the sandy layer (ages calibrated in according to Calib 4.3 by Stuiver et al., 1998a,b).","eventnotes":"This event accompanies transition from peat (below) to gray silty mud (above).","event_idevent":1054,"dating_idevent":1052,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1052,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1052,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.5692,41.9134,15.5692,41.9134]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.56","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.5692,41.9134]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":56,"sitename":"Lesina Lake","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Foggia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":650,"latitude":41.91339874,"longitude":15.56919956,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":1000,"timeall":5630,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is characterized by 5 km2 marshy area located in the northeastern edge of Lesina Lake (Gargano promontory, Apulia, Italy) where five sites, located as far as 1 km inland from the modern shoreline, were studied.","sitenotes":"The marshy eastern end of Lesina Lake and the low, narrow sand spit that separates it from the sea combine to create conditions favorable for deposition and preservation of tsunami deposits.","timestamp":"2015-02-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1052,"reference_idsite":1052,"authors":"Paolo Marco De Martini, Pierfrancesco Burrato, Daniela Pantosti, Alessandra Maramai,  Laura Graziani and Hans Abramson","title":"Identification of tsunami deposits and liquefaction features in the Gargano area(Italy): paleoseismological implication","publication":"ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS","volume":"46","issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2003,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Gargano region (Southeastern Italy) was hit by a M = 6.8 earthquake and inundated by a subsequent tsunami in 1627. To better define the hazard in the region, we searched for evidence of this and prior earthquakes in the geologic record. We identified potential earthquake-related liquefaction features and tsunami deposits in the stratigraphic sequences of the marsh areas both north and south of the Gargano promontory. We recognized clear liquefaction features and possible tsunamigenic sands that can be related to the 1627 seismic event in irrigation ditch exposures and gouge cores along the Northern Gargano coast. In total, six potential tsunami sand deposits have been recognized in two areas located close to the northern and southern coasts of the Gargano promontory. However, ambiguous evidence comes from the paleontological analysis of these sands. Although fragments of marine shells have been found in the coarser portion of the sand samples, foraminifera and ostracods assemblages are typical of brackish water condition. Radiocarbon dating of three of these deposits from the Northern Gargano coast, near the town of Lesina, suggests an average recurrence interval of 1700 years for tsunami events in this area. Assuming that all the paleotsunamis are related to the same seismogenic source responsible for the 1627 earthquake, this average recurrence interval may be typical for that source. Radiocarbon dating of three sand layers observed on the southern coast, close to the city of Manfredonia, suggests that the average recurrence time for violent sea inundation there is about 1200 years.","contactname":"Paolo Marco De Martini","contactemail":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1052,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia ","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1052,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1052,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1052,"depth":3.4000001,"thicknessordimension":0.05,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on sandy silt, normally graded layer (coarser at the bottom, where shell fragments have been found). This layer has a sharp lower contact.","labyoungestagelya":4750,"lyastddev":90,"youngestcalagemin":-3700,"youngestcalagemax":-3350,"laboldestage":4700,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":-3630,"oldestcalagemax":-3370,"preferredagemin":-3630,"preferredagemax":-3350,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon ages were performed on charcoal samples collected above and below the sandy layer (ages calibrated in according to Calib 4.3 by Stuiver et al., 1998a,b).","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1055,"dating_idevent":1052,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1052,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1052,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.5692,41.9134,15.5692,41.9134]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.57","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.8714,36.6285]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":57,"sitename":"Archangelos Cape","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Greece","region":"Peloponnesus\t","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":300,"latitude":36.62850189,"longitude":22.87140083,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":8,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":200,"timeall":330,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Archangelos is a small coastal settlement situated on the west coast of the SE-Lakonian peninsula (which is the east coast of the Lakonian Gulf), south of the small Xilis-peninsula.","sitenotes":"A narrow rocky promontory called Archangelos Cape, which is 9 m high, several hundred meters wide, and nearly 1 km long, extends in the NW direction right into the sea. ","timestamp":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1054,"reference_idsite":1054,"authors":"Anja Scheffers, Dieter Kelletat, Andreas Vött, Simon Matthias May, Sander Scheffers","title":"Late Holocene tsunami traces on the western and southern coastlines of the Peloponnesus (Greece)","publication":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters ","volume":"269","issue":null,"pages":"9","year":2008,"doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.021","url":null,"abstract":"Greece, in particular the western and southern parts close to the subduction zone of the Hellenic Trench, experiences strong earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis from the late Holocene is extremely rare. Our research along the coastlines of the western and southern Peloponnesus resulted in new findings of tsunami impacts in the form of clusters and ridges of large boulders and thick tsunamigenic sand layers encountered in vibracores. Many boulders contained attached marine organisms, which prove that they were transported from the foreshore environment against gravity by extreme wave events. The attached organisms, which have been dated by 14C-AMS, suggest that historical tsunami events of great energy occurred around 1300 cal AD. A wood fragment found at the base of tsunami deposits in a vibracore from Cape Punta was dated to ~250 cal AD.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@scu.edu.au ","compiler_idsite":1054,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1054,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1054,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1054,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":2,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by boulders scattered individually or in clusters and ridges on the limestone basement, along the SW side of the cape. To the south, more single boulders and boulder clusters are present, some of which exhibit good imbrication. Several of them have borings by bivalves.","labyoungestagelya":550,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":1670,"youngestcalagemax":1880,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determinations were performed on a sample of bivalve. Several catalogues record numerous earthquakes which affected the southern Peloponnese and adjacent Kythera Island between around 1650 and 1900 AD. These earthquakes are partly known to have been associated with local to regional tsunami events, for instance at 1750, 1791, 1795, 1842, 1846, 1862, 1866, 1867, 1885, 1886 and 1899 (e.g. Ambraseys, 1962; Antonopoulos, 1979; Soloviev, 1990; Papazachos and Papazachou, 1997; Soloviev et al., 2000; Tinti et al., 2005). It seems probable that one of these events is responsible for the high energy deposits encountered at Archangelos. However, further dating efforts are required to better confine the age of the deposits.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1056,"dating_idevent":1054,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1054,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1054,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.8714,36.6285,22.8714,36.6285]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.58","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.9872,36.5194]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":58,"sitename":"Cape Punta","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Greece","region":"Peloponnesus","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.51940155,"longitude":22.98719978,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.2,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":null,"timeall":1886,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located 700 m east of Cape Punta in a marshy environment close to the lagoonal shore of Viglafia. ","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1055,"reference_idsite":1055,"authors":"Anja Scheffers, Dieter Kelletat, Andreas Vött, Simon Matthias May, Sander Scheffers","title":"Late Holocene tsunami traces on the western and southern coastlines of the Peloponnesus (Greece)","publication":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters ","volume":"269","issue":null,"pages":"9","year":2008,"doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.021","url":null,"abstract":"Greece, in particular the western and southern parts close to the subduction zone of the Hellenic Trench, experiences strong earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis from the late Holocene is extremely rare. Our research along the coastlines of the western and southern Peloponnesus resulted in new findings of tsunami impacts in the form of clusters and ridges of large boulders and thick tsunamigenic sand layers encountered in vibracores. Many boulders contained attached marine organisms, which prove that they were transported from the foreshore environment against gravity by extreme wave events. The attached organisms, which have been dated by 14C-AMS, suggest that historical tsunami events of great energy occurred around 1300 cal AD. A wood fragment found at the base of tsunami deposits in a vibracore from Cape Punta was dated to ~250 cal AD.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@scu.edu.au ","compiler_idsite":1055,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1055,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1055,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1055,"depth":0.25,"thicknessordimension":1.87,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by two sandy layers. The first (0.80-2.12 m) is a poorly sorted, brownish-grey silty sand and contains many marine mollusc fragments. The sand unit appears slightly laminated. The second layer (0.25-0.80) is a sorted predominantly dark grey medium-to coarse-grained sand.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":1770,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":134,"oldestcalagemax":380,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon age determinations were performed on a sample of wood collected at the transition between lagoonal sediments and the subsequent high energy sand unit at 2.12 m b.s.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1057,"dating_idevent":1055,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1055,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1055,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.9872,36.5194,22.9872,36.5194]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.68","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.4522,38.4305]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":68,"sitename":"Kirra","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Greece","region":"Central Greece","province":"Focide","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":250,"latitude":38.43050003,"longitude":22.45219994,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":null,"timeall":4870,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located along the northern Corinth Gulf shore to the east of Itea town.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1062,"reference_idsite":1062,"authors":"De Martini P.M., K. Pavlopoulos, D. Pantosti, N. Palyvos, M. Triantaphyllou, P. Karkanas, K. Vouvalidis And G. A. Papadopoulos","title":"Dating of Paleo-tsunamis","publication":"Deliverable 73-EC Project n. 004043-2004 “3HAZ-Corinth: Earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides in the Corinth Rift, Greece “","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2007,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1062,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1062,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1062,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1062,"depth":0.69999999,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a sand layer in a silty and clayey sequence. Benthic foraminifera within the sand were found.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":4670,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":-2870,"oldestcalagemax":-2690,"preferredagemin":-907,"preferredagemax":-907,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"The age of this event was defined by calculating the sedimentation rate from the deepest and oldest dated sample (dated with C14 and calibrated 2870-2690 BC (1 σ)). This yielded a value of 2.45 cm/100yr that provide an age for this event of BC 907. This date does not correspond to known so far historical earthquakes and/or tsunamis. One may not exclude that tsunami occurrences may have escaped historical reporting provided that documentation of strong tsunamis looks like to be complete only after about AD 1400.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1070,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1062,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1062,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.4522,38.4305,22.4522,38.4305]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.59","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.9676,36.5261]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":59,"sitename":"Cape Skalas","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Greece","region":"Peloponnesus","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":330,"latitude":36.52610016,"longitude":22.96759987,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":14,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":150,"timeall":770,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located just west of Cape Skalas.","sitenotes":"The site opens to the west and southwest (i.e. again to the Hellenic Trench) and is no longer in the wave shadow of Elaphonisos Island from waves from the SW and WSW. The site is characterized by a shallow water coast (maximum depth <3 m for hundreds of meters offshore). ","timestamp":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1056,"reference_idsite":1056,"authors":"Anja Scheffers, Dieter Kelletat, Andreas Vött, Simon Matthias May, Sander Scheffers","title":"Late Holocene tsunami traces on the western and southern coastlines of the Peloponnesus (Greece)","publication":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters ","volume":"269","issue":null,"pages":"9","year":2008,"doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.021","url":null,"abstract":"Greece, in particular the western and southern parts close to the subduction zone of the Hellenic Trench, experiences strong earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis from the late Holocene is extremely rare. Our research along the coastlines of the western and southern Peloponnesus resulted in new findings of tsunami impacts in the form of clusters and ridges of large boulders and thick tsunamigenic sand layers encountered in vibracores. Many boulders contained attached marine organisms, which prove that they were transported from the foreshore environment against gravity by extreme wave events. The attached organisms, which have been dated by 14C-AMS, suggest that historical tsunami events of great energy occurred around 1300 cal AD. A wood fragment found at the base of tsunami deposits in a vibracore from Cape Punta was dated to ~250 cal AD.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@scu.edu.au ","compiler_idsite":1056,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1056,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1056,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1056,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by large boulders, some found more than 150 m inland and up to 14 a.s.l. Many boulders are characterized by rocky pools. To the northwest a trim line crosses a coastal terrace up to 14 m a.s.l. On this terrace and inland from the boulders clusters, sand with well-rounded pebbles, shell debris and some preserved gastropods exist.","labyoungestagelya":950,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":1340,"youngestcalagemax":1660,"laboldestage":1110,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":1230,"oldestcalagemax":1330,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1303,"eventdescription":"LYA derives from radiocarbon dating performed on vermetid fragments attached to dislocated boulders. LOA derives from radiocarbon dating performed a marine shell collected inland from the boulder clusters. This event can be related to the catastrophic earthquake which affected large parts of the eastern Mediterranean from Rhodes, Crete, northern Egypt to the southern Peloponnese in 1303 AD.","eventnotes":"Wave transport of the boulders can only be the result of tsunamis because the water is shallow coast (maximum depth <3 m for hundreds of meters offshore) and therefore prevents larger storm waves from reaching the coast without losing energy","event_idevent":1058,"dating_idevent":1056,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1056,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1056,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.9676,36.5261,22.9676,36.5261]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.60","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.3262,36.7434]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":60,"sitename":"Porto Gatea","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Greece","region":"Peloponnesus","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":600,"latitude":36.74340057,"longitude":22.32620049,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":10,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":100,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site of Porto Gatea is located along the east coast of the Messenian Gulf, in particular in the west coast of Mani Peninsula. ","sitenotes":"Porto Gatea is characterized by an inclined rough rock coast. In this site Mesozoic limestone covered with younger Pleistocene eolianite displays a bare zone free of vegetation. In and at the base of the eolianite and in contact with the underlying limestone there are some molluscs and gastropods that document the sea level from the last interglacial period.","timestamp":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1060,"reference_idsite":1060,"authors":"Anja Scheffers, Dieter Kelletat, Andreas Vött, Simon Matthias May, Sander Scheffers","title":"Late Holocene tsunami traces on the western and southern coastlines of the Peloponnesus (Greece)","publication":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters ","volume":"269","issue":null,"pages":"9","year":2008,"doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.021 ","url":null,"abstract":"Greece, in particular the western and southern parts close to the subduction zone of the Hellenic Trench, experiences strong earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis from the late Holocene is extremely rare. Our research along the coastlines of the western and southern Peloponnesus resulted in new findings of tsunami impacts in the form of clusters and ridges of large boulders and thick tsunamigenic sand layers encountered in vibracores. Many boulders contained attached marine organisms, which prove that they were transported from the foreshore environment against gravity by extreme wave events. The attached organisms, which have been dated by 14C-AMS, suggest that historical tsunami events of great energy occurred around 1300 cal AD. A wood fragment found at the base of tsunami deposits in a vibracore from Cape Punta was dated to ~250 cal AD.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@scu.edu.au ","compiler_idsite":1060,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1060,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1060,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1060,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on single large boulders  (the largest weighing about 20–40 tons) that are scattered in the supratidal area, evidently being moved upslope and not deriving from any rock outcrop or higher slope. These boulders were deposited on the rough bio-eroded surface and balance on sharp edges between deep rock pools or, in the higher parts above the spray zone. The surfaces of the boulders are decorated by very tiny karren, about 1 mm deep and 20 cm long, which suggest that they were deposited in (sub-)recent times. Higher up (up to 10 m a.s.l.) and about 100 m distant from the sea, the boulders locally form ridges more than 50 m long and 0.5–1 m high at the landward side. No littoral or marine organisms were found, although borings of bivalves are present. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"There are not dating data.","eventnotes":"Authors say that the overall impression is that the boulders emplacement occurred several hundred years ago.","event_idevent":1062,"dating_idevent":1060,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1060,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Refractive index measurements; XRF","typeofevidence_idevent":1060,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.3262,36.7434,22.3262,36.7434]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.61","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.1072,38.2633]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":61,"sitename":"Aliki","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Greece","province":"Acaia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":38.26330185,"longitude":22.10720062,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":290,"timeall":5650,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the Selinous coastal alluvial plain, which is a micro-tidal coast of the Gulf of Corinth, about 2 km northeast of the town of Egion. The lagoon is situated on 10 ha of flat land at the northern tip of the Selinous fan delta.","sitenotes":"The lagoon is separated from the open sea by a low shingle barrier, through which there is no natural connection. It has fluctuating water salinities. During the rainy season the lagoon is brackish, whereas in the dry season it nearly dries up and becomes hypersaline. The winter lagoon depth is less than 70 cm and the bottom sediments are dominated by clayey mud. The eastern and southern margins of the lagoon are occupied by marshes. The normal tidal range in the area is about 15 cm, but storm surge water levels may have elevations of 1m.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1061,"reference_idsite":1061,"authors":"N. Kontopoulos, P. Avramidis","title":"A late Holocene record of environmental changes from the Aliki lagoon, Egion, North Peloponnesus, Greece","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"111","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2003,"doi":"10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00016-8","url":null,"abstract":"Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the micro-tidal south coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The sediments of the lagoon recovered in three cores provide a record of late Holocene environmental change, including tectonic subsidence, tsunami layers, and change in local vegetation and sedimentation. Four periods of rapid environmental changes were identified over a 5000-yr-long record. These date from about 4700, 3000, 2500 and 2000 yr BP. Each change is linked to activity on the Egion fault, a deepening of the lagoonal bottom and a rise in relative sea level. Six tsunami events are recorded and have been caused by earthquakes on the Egion fault (three events ~4700, ~3000 and ~2500 BP), Eliki fault (2350±40 yr BP) and two more distal fault ruptures. The vegetation history and pollen zones are similar to those recognised by Jahns (Vegetation Hist. Archaebot. 2 (1993) 187) on the Argive Plain, 100km southeast of the lagoon. Five successive sedimentological configurations are established in relation to the time frame provided by the tectonic activity: (1) crevasse splay; (2) fresh to brackish water marsh; (3) and (4) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon, and (5) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon or brackish open lagoon.","contactname":"N. Kontopoulos ","contactemail":"kontopou@upatras.gr","compiler_idsite":1061,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1061,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1061,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1061,"depth":8.5,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a sand bed with abrupt contacts. The sand fraction is different with respect to the others beds of Facies II.","labyoungestagelya":4720,"lyastddev":140,"youngestcalagemin":-3648,"youngestcalagemax":-3351,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"LYA derives from vegetation history and its C14 calibration is based on 1 sigma. This event could be occurred shortly before 4700 yr BP as suggested by regional vegetation history. This event is collocated in an abrupt facies change. This changing indicates an episodic of subsidence and a transgressive event. The correlation of the transgression and the tsunami bed suggests that the transgression resulted from co-seismic subsidence of the Egion fault.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1063,"dating_idevent":1061,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1061,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Refractive index measurements; XRF","typeofevidence_idevent":1061,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.1072,38.2633,22.1072,38.2633]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.62","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.1072,38.2633]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":62,"sitename":"Aliki","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Greece","province":"Acaia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":38.26330185,"longitude":22.10720062,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":290,"timeall":5650,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the Selinous coastal alluvial plain, which is a micro-tidal coast of the Gulf of Corinth, about 2 km northeast of the town of Egion. The lagoon is situated on 10 ha of flat land at the northern tip of the Selinous fan delta.","sitenotes":"The lagoon is separated from the open sea by a low shingle barrier, through which there is no natural connection. It has fluctuating water salinities. During the rainy season the lagoon is brackish, whereas in the dry season it nearly dries up and becomes hypersaline. The winter lagoon depth is less than 70 cm and the bottom sediments are dominated by clayey mud. The eastern and southern margins of the lagoon are occupied by marshes. The normal tidal range in the area is about 15 cm, but storm surge water levels may have elevations of 1m.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1061,"reference_idsite":1061,"authors":"N. Kontopoulos, P. Avramidis","title":"A late Holocene record of environmental changes from the Aliki lagoon, Egion, North Peloponnesus, Greece","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"111","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2003,"doi":"10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00016-8","url":null,"abstract":"Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the micro-tidal south coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The sediments of the lagoon recovered in three cores provide a record of late Holocene environmental change, including tectonic subsidence, tsunami layers, and change in local vegetation and sedimentation. Four periods of rapid environmental changes were identified over a 5000-yr-long record. These date from about 4700, 3000, 2500 and 2000 yr BP. Each change is linked to activity on the Egion fault, a deepening of the lagoonal bottom and a rise in relative sea level. Six tsunami events are recorded and have been caused by earthquakes on the Egion fault (three events ~4700, ~3000 and ~2500 BP), Eliki fault (2350±40 yr BP) and two more distal fault ruptures. The vegetation history and pollen zones are similar to those recognised by Jahns (Vegetation Hist. Archaebot. 2 (1993) 187) on the Argive Plain, 100km southeast of the lagoon. Five successive sedimentological configurations are established in relation to the time frame provided by the tectonic activity: (1) crevasse splay; (2) fresh to brackish water marsh; (3) and (4) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon, and (5) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon or brackish open lagoon.","contactname":"N. Kontopoulos ","contactemail":"kontopou@upatras.gr","compiler_idsite":1061,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1061,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1061,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1061,"depth":4.69999981,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a bed with an erosional basal contact. It has a conglomeratic texture with large entire shells. Moreover this bed shows a different character in the sand fractions (a coarse grain size) with respect to the overlying and underlying beds.","labyoungestagelya":2350,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":-500,"youngestcalagemax":-380,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"LYA derives from AMS radiocarbon age determinations, performed on a cardium valve collected above this bed and its calibration is based on 2 sigma. This transgressive event may have been due to deepening of the basin as a result of tectonic subsidence on the hanging-wall of the Egion fault. The event occurred shortly after the Olea pollen minimum at about 3000 Yr BP.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1064,"dating_idevent":1061,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1061,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Refractive index measurements; XRF","typeofevidence_idevent":1061,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.1072,38.2633,22.1072,38.2633]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.73","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2374,38.8058]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":73,"sitename":"Ficogrande","yearinvestigationfrom":2003,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Messina","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":38.80580139,"longitude":15.23740005,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":8,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":100,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Ficogrande is located in the north east edge of Stromboli.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1066,"reference_idsite":1066,"authors":"A. Maramai, L. Graziani, G. Alessio, P. Burrato, L. Colini, L. Cucci, R. Nappi, A. Nardi, G. Vilardo","title":"Near- and far-field survey report of the 30 December 2002 Stromboli (Southern Italy) tsunami","publication":"Marine Geology ","volume":"215","issue":null,"pages":"14","year":2005,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2004.11.009    ","url":null,"abstract":"In May 2002, Stromboli–one of the two active volcanoes in the Aeolian Islands (southern Tyrrhenian sea)–entered a new phase of explosive activity, initially characterized by gas and ash emission from the summit craters. On 30 December 2002, a massive submarine landslide, followed by a subaerial one from the elevation of about 650 m above sea level (a.s.l.), detached from the submerged part of the northwest slope of Stromboli island producing a tsunami. This huge mass movement was recorded by the INGV seismic stations installed, respectively, at Stromboli and Panarea. In the following days, a working group of INGV researchers and technicians was organized in order to perform a field survey of the tsunami effects in the near-field—including all the Aeolian Islands. Meanwhile, a survey in the far-field was planned, along the coastline of Campania and Sicily, where the effects of the 30 December tsunami were observed but not directly quantified. Visible material effects of the 30 December tsunami could be observed only along the northeast coast of Stromboli island, inundated by the wave, with run-up heights locally up to several meters. Many buildings were severely damaged. On the other Aeolian Islands and in the far-field, the effects of the sea wave were documented only through eyewitness accounts. To ensure a coherent collection of these accounts, a standard interview form, based on the advice of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), was used. A databank of all observations, measurements, interview forms and photographs was compiled in order to provide a useful base to test computer simulations, hazard analyses and damage scenarios. Additional information was also made available at the EMERGEO link of INGV web pages http://www.ingv.it/ emergeo and http://www.ov.ingv.it.","contactname":"A. Maramai ","contactemail":"maramai@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1066,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1066,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1066,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1066,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"At Ficogrande several streets were totally covered by sand, stones and big boulders carried by waves. Stone-wall wreckages funneled upslope into a village street.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":2002,"eventdescription":"Field work on Stromboli island was carried out on January 5 and 6, few days after the event (30 December 2002) so that the effect of the wave impact were still perfectly visible and easily investigated.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1075,"dating_idevent":1066,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"Yes","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1066,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1066,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2374,38.8058,15.2374,38.8058]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.63","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.1072,38.2633]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":63,"sitename":"Aliki","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Greece","province":"Acaia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":38.26330185,"longitude":22.10720062,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":290,"timeall":5650,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the Selinous coastal alluvial plain, which is a micro-tidal coast of the Gulf of Corinth, about 2 km northeast of the town of Egion. The lagoon is situated on 10 ha of flat land at the northern tip of the Selinous fan delta.","sitenotes":"The lagoon is separated from the open sea by a low shingle barrier, through which there is no natural connection. It has fluctuating water salinities. During the rainy season the lagoon is brackish, whereas in the dry season it nearly dries up and becomes hypersaline. The winter lagoon depth is less than 70 cm and the bottom sediments are dominated by clayey mud. The eastern and southern margins of the lagoon are occupied by marshes. The normal tidal range in the area is about 15 cm, but storm surge water levels may have elevations of 1m.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1061,"reference_idsite":1061,"authors":"N. Kontopoulos, P. Avramidis","title":"A late Holocene record of environmental changes from the Aliki lagoon, Egion, North Peloponnesus, Greece","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"111","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2003,"doi":"10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00016-8","url":null,"abstract":"Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the micro-tidal south coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The sediments of the lagoon recovered in three cores provide a record of late Holocene environmental change, including tectonic subsidence, tsunami layers, and change in local vegetation and sedimentation. Four periods of rapid environmental changes were identified over a 5000-yr-long record. These date from about 4700, 3000, 2500 and 2000 yr BP. Each change is linked to activity on the Egion fault, a deepening of the lagoonal bottom and a rise in relative sea level. Six tsunami events are recorded and have been caused by earthquakes on the Egion fault (three events ~4700, ~3000 and ~2500 BP), Eliki fault (2350±40 yr BP) and two more distal fault ruptures. The vegetation history and pollen zones are similar to those recognised by Jahns (Vegetation Hist. Archaebot. 2 (1993) 187) on the Argive Plain, 100km southeast of the lagoon. Five successive sedimentological configurations are established in relation to the time frame provided by the tectonic activity: (1) crevasse splay; (2) fresh to brackish water marsh; (3) and (4) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon, and (5) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon or brackish open lagoon.","contactname":"N. Kontopoulos ","contactemail":"kontopou@upatras.gr","compiler_idsite":1061,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1061,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1061,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1061,"depth":3.5,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is characterized by a bed that shows different sand fraction petrology compared to the underlying bed and a very high organic productivity in contrast to the previous facies.","labyoungestagelya":2350,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":-500,"youngestcalagemax":-380,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"LYA derives from AMS radiocarbon age determinations, performed on a cardium valve collected above this bed and its calibration is based on 2 sigma. This event is collocated in an abrupt facies change. This changing indicates a transgressive event. The transgressive event occurred immediately after the Olea peak (2650 yr BP after Jahns, 1993) and thus dates from approximately 2500 Yr BP. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1065,"dating_idevent":1061,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1061,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Refractive index measurements; XRF","typeofevidence_idevent":1061,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.1072,38.2633,22.1072,38.2633]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.64","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.1072,38.2633]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":64,"sitename":"Aliki","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Greece","province":"Acaia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":38.26330185,"longitude":22.10720062,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":290,"timeall":5650,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the Selinous coastal alluvial plain, which is a micro-tidal coast of the Gulf of Corinth, about 2 km northeast of the town of Egion. The lagoon is situated on 10 ha of flat land at the northern tip of the Selinous fan delta.","sitenotes":"The lagoon is separated from the open sea by a low shingle barrier, through which there is no natural connection. It has fluctuating water salinities. During the rainy season the lagoon is brackish, whereas in the dry season it nearly dries up and becomes hypersaline. The winter lagoon depth is less than 70 cm and the bottom sediments are dominated by clayey mud. The eastern and southern margins of the lagoon are occupied by marshes. The normal tidal range in the area is about 15 cm, but storm surge water levels may have elevations of 1m.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1061,"reference_idsite":1061,"authors":"N. Kontopoulos, P. Avramidis","title":"A late Holocene record of environmental changes from the Aliki lagoon, Egion, North Peloponnesus, Greece","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"111","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2003,"doi":"10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00016-8","url":null,"abstract":"Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the micro-tidal south coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The sediments of the lagoon recovered in three cores provide a record of late Holocene environmental change, including tectonic subsidence, tsunami layers, and change in local vegetation and sedimentation. Four periods of rapid environmental changes were identified over a 5000-yr-long record. These date from about 4700, 3000, 2500 and 2000 yr BP. Each change is linked to activity on the Egion fault, a deepening of the lagoonal bottom and a rise in relative sea level. Six tsunami events are recorded and have been caused by earthquakes on the Egion fault (three events ~4700, ~3000 and ~2500 BP), Eliki fault (2350±40 yr BP) and two more distal fault ruptures. The vegetation history and pollen zones are similar to those recognised by Jahns (Vegetation Hist. Archaebot. 2 (1993) 187) on the Argive Plain, 100km southeast of the lagoon. Five successive sedimentological configurations are established in relation to the time frame provided by the tectonic activity: (1) crevasse splay; (2) fresh to brackish water marsh; (3) and (4) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon, and (5) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon or brackish open lagoon.","contactname":"N. Kontopoulos ","contactemail":"kontopou@upatras.gr","compiler_idsite":1061,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1061,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1061,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1061,"depth":3.20000005,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a sandy clay bed with a peak in sand fraction with abrupt lower and upper boundaries. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":2350,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":-500,"oldestcalagemax":-380,"preferredagemin":-500,"preferredagemax":-380,"historicalage":-373,"eventdescription":"LOA derives from AMS radiocarbon age determinations, performed on a cardium valve collected at the bottom of this bed and its calibration is based on 2 sigma. It’s possible to link this event to a rapid deepening of the basin. The age of this bed suggests that it was produced by the 373 BC Eliki earthquake. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1066,"dating_idevent":1061,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1061,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Refractive index measurements; XRF","typeofevidence_idevent":1061,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.1072,38.2633,22.1072,38.2633]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.65","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.1072,38.2633]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":65,"sitename":"Aliki","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Greece","province":"Acaia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":38.26330185,"longitude":22.10720062,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":290,"timeall":5650,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the Selinous coastal alluvial plain, which is a micro-tidal coast of the Gulf of Corinth, about 2 km northeast of the town of Egion. The lagoon is situated on 10 ha of flat land at the northern tip of the Selinous fan delta.","sitenotes":"The lagoon is separated from the open sea by a low shingle barrier, through which there is no natural connection. It has fluctuating water salinities. During the rainy season the lagoon is brackish, whereas in the dry season it nearly dries up and becomes hypersaline. The winter lagoon depth is less than 70 cm and the bottom sediments are dominated by clayey mud. The eastern and southern margins of the lagoon are occupied by marshes. The normal tidal range in the area is about 15 cm, but storm surge water levels may have elevations of 1m.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1061,"reference_idsite":1061,"authors":"N. Kontopoulos, P. Avramidis","title":"A late Holocene record of environmental changes from the Aliki lagoon, Egion, North Peloponnesus, Greece","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"111","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2003,"doi":"10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00016-8","url":null,"abstract":"Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the micro-tidal south coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The sediments of the lagoon recovered in three cores provide a record of late Holocene environmental change, including tectonic subsidence, tsunami layers, and change in local vegetation and sedimentation. Four periods of rapid environmental changes were identified over a 5000-yr-long record. These date from about 4700, 3000, 2500 and 2000 yr BP. Each change is linked to activity on the Egion fault, a deepening of the lagoonal bottom and a rise in relative sea level. Six tsunami events are recorded and have been caused by earthquakes on the Egion fault (three events ~4700, ~3000 and ~2500 BP), Eliki fault (2350±40 yr BP) and two more distal fault ruptures. The vegetation history and pollen zones are similar to those recognised by Jahns (Vegetation Hist. Archaebot. 2 (1993) 187) on the Argive Plain, 100km southeast of the lagoon. Five successive sedimentological configurations are established in relation to the time frame provided by the tectonic activity: (1) crevasse splay; (2) fresh to brackish water marsh; (3) and (4) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon, and (5) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon or brackish open lagoon.","contactname":"N. Kontopoulos ","contactemail":"kontopou@upatras.gr","compiler_idsite":1061,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1061,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1061,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1061,"depth":3,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a shell lag at the base of a rapid transition from sand-dominated to mud-dominated deposition at the boundary of two different facies. ","labyoungestagelya":2020,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":-190,"youngestcalagemax":10,"laboldestage":2080,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":-110,"oldestcalagemax":70,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":23,"eventdescription":"LOA and LYA derive from AMS radiocarbon age determinations, performed on cardium valves collected in this lag shell and the calibration is based on 2 sigma. These ages suggest that this event is probably related with the earthquake that occurred at AD 23 in Egion city. It’s possible to link this event to a rapid deepening of the basin and a transgressive event. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1067,"dating_idevent":1061,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1061,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Refractive index measurements; XRF","typeofevidence_idevent":1061,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.1072,38.2633,22.1072,38.2633]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.66","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.1072,38.2633]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":66,"sitename":"Aliki","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Greece","province":"Acaia","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":38.26330185,"longitude":22.10720062,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":290,"timeall":5650,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the Selinous coastal alluvial plain, which is a micro-tidal coast of the Gulf of Corinth, about 2 km northeast of the town of Egion. The lagoon is situated on 10 ha of flat land at the northern tip of the Selinous fan delta.","sitenotes":"The lagoon is separated from the open sea by a low shingle barrier, through which there is no natural connection. It has fluctuating water salinities. During the rainy season the lagoon is brackish, whereas in the dry season it nearly dries up and becomes hypersaline. The winter lagoon depth is less than 70 cm and the bottom sediments are dominated by clayey mud. The eastern and southern margins of the lagoon are occupied by marshes. The normal tidal range in the area is about 15 cm, but storm surge water levels may have elevations of 1m.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1061,"reference_idsite":1061,"authors":"N. Kontopoulos, P. Avramidis","title":"A late Holocene record of environmental changes from the Aliki lagoon, Egion, North Peloponnesus, Greece","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"111","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2003,"doi":"10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00016-8","url":null,"abstract":"Aliki lagoon is a small lagoon located on the micro-tidal south coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The sediments of the lagoon recovered in three cores provide a record of late Holocene environmental change, including tectonic subsidence, tsunami layers, and change in local vegetation and sedimentation. Four periods of rapid environmental changes were identified over a 5000-yr-long record. These date from about 4700, 3000, 2500 and 2000 yr BP. Each change is linked to activity on the Egion fault, a deepening of the lagoonal bottom and a rise in relative sea level. Six tsunami events are recorded and have been caused by earthquakes on the Egion fault (three events ~4700, ~3000 and ~2500 BP), Eliki fault (2350±40 yr BP) and two more distal fault ruptures. The vegetation history and pollen zones are similar to those recognised by Jahns (Vegetation Hist. Archaebot. 2 (1993) 187) on the Argive Plain, 100km southeast of the lagoon. Five successive sedimentological configurations are established in relation to the time frame provided by the tectonic activity: (1) crevasse splay; (2) fresh to brackish water marsh; (3) and (4) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon, and (5) brackish to hypersaline ‘‘blind’’ lagoon or brackish open lagoon.","contactname":"N. Kontopoulos ","contactemail":"kontopou@upatras.gr","compiler_idsite":1061,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1061,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1061,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1061,"depth":2,"thicknessordimension":0.5,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on two sand beds that have a transitional contacts between them and show moderately good sorting. The contact with the underlying mud is sharp. The lower sand bed shows reverse graded bedding and the upper one normal graded bedding.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":2050,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":-170,"oldestcalagemax":50,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"LOA derives from AMS radiocarbon age determinations, performed on a cardium valve collected in a lag shell below this bed and its calibration is based on 2 sigma. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1068,"dating_idevent":1061,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1061,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Refractive index measurements; XRF","typeofevidence_idevent":1061,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.1072,38.2633,22.1072,38.2633]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.67","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.4522,38.4305]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":67,"sitename":"Kirra","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Greece","region":"Central Greece","province":"Focide","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":250,"latitude":38.43050003,"longitude":22.45219994,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":null,"timeall":4870,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located along the northern Corinth Gulf shore to the east of Itea town.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1062,"reference_idsite":1062,"authors":"De Martini P.M., K. Pavlopoulos, D. Pantosti, N. Palyvos, M. Triantaphyllou, P. Karkanas, K. Vouvalidis And G. A. Papadopoulos","title":"Dating of Paleo-tsunamis","publication":"Deliverable 73-EC Project n. 004043-2004 “3HAZ-Corinth: Earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides in the Corinth Rift, Greece “","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2007,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1062,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1062,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1062,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1062,"depth":0.30000001,"thicknessordimension":0.07,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a sand layer in a silty and clayey sequence. Benthic foraminifera within the sand were found.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":4670,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":-2870,"oldestcalagemax":-2690,"preferredagemin":726,"preferredagemax":726,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"The age of this event was defined by calculating the sedimentation rate from the deepest and oldest dated sample (dated with C14 and calibrated 2870-2690 BC (1 σ)). This yielded a value of 2.45 cm/100yr that provides an age for this event of AD 726. This date does not correspond to known so far historical earthquakes and/or tsunamis. One may not exclude that tsunami occurrences may have escaped historical reporting provided that documentation of strong tsunamis looks like to be complete only after about AD 1400 .","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1069,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1062,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1062,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.4522,38.4305,22.4522,38.4305]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.69","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[22.4522,38.4305]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":69,"sitename":"Kirra","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Greece","region":"Central Greece","province":"Focide","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":250,"latitude":38.43050003,"longitude":22.45219994,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":null,"timeall":4870,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located along the northern Corinth Gulf shore to the east of Itea town.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1062,"reference_idsite":1062,"authors":"De Martini P.M., K. Pavlopoulos, D. Pantosti, N. Palyvos, M. Triantaphyllou, P. Karkanas, K. Vouvalidis And G. A. Papadopoulos","title":"Dating of Paleo-tsunamis","publication":"Deliverable 73-EC Project n. 004043-2004 “3HAZ-Corinth: Earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides in the Corinth Rift, Greece “","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2007,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1062,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1062,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1062,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1062,"depth":1.16999996,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a sand layer in a silty and clayey sequence. Benthic foraminifera within the sand were found.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":4670,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":-2870,"oldestcalagemax":-2690,"preferredagemin":-2830,"preferredagemax":-2830,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"The age of this event was defined by calculating the sedimentation rate from the deepest and oldest dated sample (dated with C14 and calibrated 2870-2690 BC (1 σ)). This yielded a value of 2.45 cm/100yr that provide an age for this event of BC 2830. The sample for radiocarbon dating was collected at the bottom of the layer. This date does not correspond to known so far historical earthquakes and/or tsunamis. One may not exclude that tsunami occurrences may have escaped historical reporting provided that documentation of strong tsunamis looks like to be complete only after about AD 1400. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1071,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1062,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1062,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[22.4522,38.4305,22.4522,38.4305]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.70","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[26.3401,36.5402]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":70,"sitename":"Livadia","yearinvestigationfrom":1995,"yearinvestigationto":1998,"country":"Greece","region":"Southern Egeo    ","province":"Calimno","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":50,"latitude":36.54019928,"longitude":26.34009933,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":40,"timeall":50,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Livadia is located on the south coast of Astypalaea circa 2 km from Astypalaea Town. The site consists of a small embayment cut in to flysch bedrock, approximately 100 m SW of Livadia village.","sitenotes":"An ephemeral stream leads through the valley to the sea and the main exposures occur within colluvial fan located on the SE facing slope between 20 and 40 m from the shoreline. Three sections of this exposure were examinaned.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1063,"reference_idsite":1063,"authors":"Dale Dominey-Howes, Andrew Cundy, Ian Croudace","title":"High energy marine flood deposits on Astypalaea Island, Greece: possible evidence for the AD 1956 southern Aegean tsunami","publication":"Marine Geology  ","volume":"163","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2000,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"High energy marine sediments are described from Livadia and Stavros, Astypalaea Island, Greece, which are tentatively interpreted to be associated with the southern Aegean tsunami of 9th July AD 1956. At Livadia, the marine provenance of imbricated pebble deposits (referred to here as the Imbricated Clast Unit, or ICU) are inferred from two observations. Firstly, the similarity between the clasts comprising the ICU and contemporary beach sediments, and secondly the inclusion of foraminiferal tests within the sediment matrix. Derivation from the AD 1956 tsunami, rather than from a storm surge, is inferred from the uniqueness of the deposits within the sedimentary record, their distinct imbrication, and 137Cs and 210Pb dating of overlying and underlying sediments. The top of the ICU occurs at +2.00 metres above sea level (m a.s.l.) indicating a minimum flood level at this location. At Stavros, a gravel with rounded clasts incorporating marine mollusca is found on exposed cliff surfaces up to an elevation of +10.00 m a.s.l. These gravels are also interpreted as having been deposited by the AD 1956 tsunami. The elevation of the deposits and topographic observations indicate that previously reported run-up elevations were over-estimated. The results shown here represent the first systematic investigation into sedimentary deposits possibly associated with a modern tsunami within the Aegean Sea region of Greece.","contactname":"Dale Dominey-Howes","contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1063,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1063,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"colluvial fan","typeofsite_idsite":1063,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1063,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a clast-supported deposit of rounded, imbricated clasts (called Imbricated Clast Unit or ICU). The upper surface of the ICU is mixed with a layer of organic (Poseidon oceania) detritus containing numerous fragments of plastic packaging debris. The units above and below the ICU consist of sandy silt which is identical to the current colluvial fan material. In one of the three sections six individual specimens of foraminifera comprising four species were identified. The layer has a sharp basal contact.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":1954,"oldestcalagemax":1954,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1956,"eventdescription":"OCA derives from radiometric analysis of 137Cs and 210Pb. The historical age is supported by 137Cs and 210Pb dating of overlying and underlying deposits. These analysis indicate that the sediments underlying the ICU (in section A and B) were deposited before 1954 and the sediments overlying after 1954. Another point of support is the presence of packaging plastic fragments (within the ICU) that came into common usage after 1945, constraining the ICU deposition after this date. It’s possible to relate this deposit to the event of July 9, 1956.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1072,"dating_idevent":1063,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"Yes","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1063,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1063,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[26.3401,36.5402,26.3401,36.5402]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.71","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[26.344,36.5699]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":71,"sitename":"Stavros","yearinvestigationfrom":1995,"yearinvestigationto":1998,"country":"Greece","region":"Southern Egeo","province":"Calimno","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":36.56990051,"longitude":26.34399986,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":10,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":45,"timeall":1105,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Stavros is located on the north coast circa 6.5 km from Astypalaea Town. ","sitenotes":"Approximately 500 m west of Stavros church, several distinct deposits of rounded gravels lie unconformably upon the upper surface of the coastal cliffs.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1064,"reference_idsite":1064,"authors":"Dale Dominey-Howes, Andrew Cundy, Ian Croudace","title":"High energy marine flood deposits on Astypalaea Island, Greece: possible evidence for the AD 1956 southern Aegean tsunami","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"163","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2000,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"High energy marine sediments are described from Livadia and Stavros, Astypalaea Island, Greece, which are tentatively interpreted to be associated with the southern Aegean tsunami of 9th July AD 1956. At Livadia, the marine provenance of imbricated pebble deposits (referred to here as the Imbricated Clast Unit, or ICU) are inferred from two observations. Firstly, the similarity between the clasts comprising the ICU and contemporary beach sediments, and secondly the inclusion of foraminiferal tests within the sediment matrix. Derivation from the AD 1956 tsunami, rather than from a storm surge, is inferred from the uniqueness of the deposits within the sedimentary record, their distinct imbrication, and 137Cs and 210Pb dating of overlying and underlying sediments. The top of the ICU occurs at +2.00 metres above sea level (m a.s.l.) indicating a minimum flood level at this location. At Stavros, a gravel with rounded clasts incorporating marine mollusca is found on exposed cliff surfaces up to an elevation of +10.00 m a.s.l. These gravels are also interpreted as having been deposited by the AD 1956 tsunami. The elevation of the deposits and topographic observations indicate that previously reported run-up elevations were over-estimated. The results shown here represent the first systematic investigation into sedimentary deposits possibly associated with a modern tsunami within the Aegean Sea region of Greece.","contactname":"Dale Dominey-Howes","contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1064,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1064,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"coastal cliffs","typeofsite_idsite":1064,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1064,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on gravel deposits clearly distinct from the surrounding surface material, being well-rounded rather than angular, and similar to those which comprise the beach sediments at the front of the cliff line. The gravel deposits covered areas of 2.5 to 250 m2 on the ridges between gullies, ranged in elevation from 6.00 to 10.00 m a.s.l. and occurred up to 45 m from the shore.  Incorporated within the gravel deposits there are large numbers of marine molluscs.","labyoungestagelya":550,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":1675,"youngestcalagemax":1950,"laboldestage":1430,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":895,"oldestcalagemax":1040,"preferredagemin":1675,"preferredagemax":1950,"historicalage":1956,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating were performed on samples of C. Striatula. The calibration was performed using MARINE98 database and INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration (see Stuiver et., 1998). The large difference in age between the two shells may be explained by incorporation of older reworked material. Assuming that the marine gravels and shells were deposited at the same time a maximum age for the deposit of ca. 1675 AD can be inferred. Authors attribute this deposit to the tsunami of July 9, 1956.","eventnotes":"In the absence of an accurate age estimate for the Stavros gravel there are a number of alternative hypotheses  which might explain their origin: the unlikely consideration of anthropogenic origin; the gravels are not reworked from older, uplifted marine deposits; the gravels don’t derive from storm activity.","event_idevent":1073,"dating_idevent":1064,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"Yes","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1064,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1064,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[26.344,36.5699,26.344,36.5699]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.72","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[27.0894,40.6086]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":72,"sitename":"Sarkoy","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Turkey","region":"Marmara Region","province":"Tekirdag","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":40.60860062,"longitude":27.08939934,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":230,"timeall":2401,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located in fluvial coastal plain of Sarkoy.","sitenotes":"The site consists of a trench excavated in coastal facies sequences.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1065,"reference_idsite":1065,"authors":"K. MINOURA, F. IMAMURA, U. KURAN, T. NAKAMURA, G. A. PAPADOPOULOS, D. SUGAWARA, T. TAKAHASHI and A. C. YALCINER","title":"A Tsunami Generated by a Possible Submarine Slide: Evidence for Slope Failure Triggered by the North Anatolian Fault Movement","publication":"Natural Hazards ","volume":"36","issue":null,"pages":"10","year":2005,"doi":"10.1007/s11069-005-0319-1 ","url":null,"abstract":"A tsunamigenic sediment layer has been discovered in fluvio-alluvial sequences on the northern coast of the Marmara Sea, northwestern Turkey. The layer consists of unsorted silty coarse sand including terrestrial molluscs and charcoal fragments. The AMS radiometric ages of the shells have been estimated at around BC 400, AD 300, AD 400, and AD 1000. We propose that a tsunami occurred in the Marmara Sea in the middle of 11th century and invaded the fluvial plains. The older fossils were derived from the underlying horizons, and it is probable that buoyant materials such as terrestrial molluscs and charcoals were isolated from liquefied sediments during submarine sliding. Slope failure of coastal blocks triggered by fault movement generated tsunamis, which might have transported floating materials to the backshore.","contactname":"K. MINOURA","contactemail":"minoura@mail.cc.tohoku.ac.jp","compiler_idsite":1065,"name":"alessandra","surname":"smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1065,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1065,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1065,"depth":0.64999998,"thicknessordimension":0.2,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a silty sand layer intercalated in a massive silty mud of flood basin sequences. At the sand/mud interface there is an erosive structure with mud clasts derived from the underlying channel lag deposit. The silty sand layer contains terrestrial molluscs and many granule-to pebble-size charcoal fragments.","labyoungestagelya":1002,"lyastddev":34,"youngestcalagemin":991,"youngestcalagemax":1039,"laboldestage":2324,"loastddev":26,"oldestcalagemin":-401,"oldestcalagemax":-386,"preferredagemin":991,"preferredagemax":1039,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating were performed on terrestrial molluscs from the tsunamigenic layer. A time difference of about 1400 years is recognized between the oldest and the youngest specimens. Ages calibrated as 1 σ. The large disagreement among the AMS dates is probably due to the mixing of materials of different ages entrained from older strata at the time of sediment deposition. The preferred age indicates the most plausible date of the tsunami occurrence, because well-terrestrial molluscs are ubiquitous in the horizons underlying the sand layer and scarcely occur in the post-tsunami deposit.","eventnotes":"It is probable that buoyant materials such as terrestrial molluscs and charcoals  were isolated from liquefied sediments during submarine sliding. Slope failure of coastal blocks triggered by fault movement generated tsunamis, which might have transported floating materials to the backshore.","event_idevent":1074,"dating_idevent":1065,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"Yes","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1065,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1065,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[27.0894,40.6086,27.0894,40.6086]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.122","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[5.6399,62.3347]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":122,"sitename":"Skolemyra","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Bergsoy","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":40,"latitude":62.33470154,"longitude":5.63990021,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":12.39999962,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":10300,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"8.5 m above sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1111,"reference_idsite":1111,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1111,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1111,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1111,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1111,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.54000002,"evidencedescription":"Fining-upwards sand in lacustrine mud","labyoungestagelya":7250,"lyastddev":75,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":7435,"loastddev":75,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1128,"dating_idevent":1111,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":"historical cronicles","typeofanalysis_idevent":1111,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"RTK DGPS, Hydrodynamics eq., numerical modelling","typeofevidence_idevent":1111,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[5.6399,62.3347,5.6399,62.3347]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.74","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2336,37.7905]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":74,"sitename":"Fiumefreddo Natural Reserve","yearinvestigationfrom":2006,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Catania","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.79050064,"longitude":15.23359966,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":500,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the northeastern flank of Mt. Etna area in a lacustrine environment. This site was filled by clastic sediments derived from the erosion of the Peloritani MTs and the Etna lavas.","sitenotes":"This site is characterized by the presence of strong marine currents that induce a distribution of the sediment parallel to the coastline. Another characteristic is represented by the emersion of sand bars above which the sand dune start, causing the establishment of protected environments, suitable for the preservation of tsunami deposits.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1067,"reference_idsite":1067,"authors":"M.S. Barbano, P.M. De Martini, D. Pantosti, A. Smedile, P. Del Carlo, F. Gerardi, P. Guarnieri and C. Pirrotta","title":"IN SEARCH OF TSUNAMI DEPOSITS ALONG THE EASTERN COAST OF SICILY (ITALY): THE STATE OF THE ART","publication":"Recent Progress on Earthquake Geology ","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":null,"year":2009,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Eastern Sicily has been affected in historical times by large earthquakes followed by devastating tsunamis, such as the 1169, 1693 and 1908 events. In order to provide a long-term assessment for tsunami recurrence and related hazards, we developed a multi-disciplinary study, with a paleoseismological approach, aimed to recognize and date historical and paleotsunami deposits. Starting from information on the effects of known tsunamis (hit localities, inundation areas, run-up heights) and with a geomorphological approach, we selected several sites—such as coastal lakes, marshes and lagoons—potentially suitable for preserving tsunami deposits. In these sites, 64 test gouge cores have been dug by hand and engine coring. In order to reconstruct paleoenvironments and to identify potential paleotsunami deposits, sedimentological and paleontological analyses were carried out. Magnetic and X-ray analyses were used to highlight susceptibility variations and peculiar small-scale sedimentary structures not detectable through the standard stratigraphic investigation. Moreover, radiocarbon dating and tephra identification provide age ranges of the tsunami deposits and constraints for sedimentation rates allowing the correlation with historical events. At Capo Peloro in northeastern Sicily, combining archaeological, historical, and C14 data, we associated two tsunami deposits with the earthquakes occurred in 1783 and 17 A.D. We also collected evidence for the occurrence of multiple inundations at sites in the eastern flank of Mt. Etna: three events in the past 580 yrs at the Anguillara site and four events in the past 4000 yrs at the Gurna site. In southeastern Sicily, in the Augusta bay, combining historical, tephrostratigraphical and C14 dating, we reconstructed a tsunami inundation history composed of six events in the past 4000 yrs; the two most recent ones are related to the 1693 and 1169 earthquakes.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1067,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1067,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1067,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1067,"depth":1.29999995,"thicknessordimension":0.04,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on 4 cm thick silty sand layer in a stratigraphic sequence dominated by peat deposits. This layer is characterized by rare planktonic foraminifera. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Unfortunately no dating is available yet.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1076,"dating_idevent":1067,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"Yes","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1067,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1067,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2336,37.7905,15.2336,37.7905]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.75","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2579,37.243]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":75,"sitename":"Mt. Tauro Peninsula","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Siracusa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":30,"latitude":37.24300003,"longitude":15.25790024,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":35,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The Mt. Tauro Peninsula is a calcareous horst located north-east of the Augusta Gulf . This peninsula  protects from the north-eastern storm waves the Augusta harbour, one of the major oil terminals in the Mediterranean Sea. ","sitenotes":"The shoreline of Mt. Tauro Peninsula is constituted by a steep cliff and the near-shore sea bottom topography is irregular, being characterized by three steps at −6/−9 m, −9/−11 m and −11/−30 m.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1068,"reference_idsite":1068,"authors":"Giovanni Scicchitano, Carmelo Monaco, Luigi Tortorici","title":"Large boulder deposits by tsunami waves along the Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily (Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"238","issue":null,"pages":"17","year":2007,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.005 ","url":null,"abstract":"The Ionian coast of south-eastern Sicily, between the towns of Augusta and Siracusa, is characterized by the occurrence of anomalous calcareous boulders. They are mostly scattered along large terraces located 2–5 m above sea level, gently sloping towards the sea. Boulders are up to 182 t in weight and are arranged either in isolated elements or small groups composed of a few stacked elements. Several boulders show biogenic encrustations (serpulids, balanids, lithophaga) all over their surface which suggest that they were dragged from the mid-sublittoral zone. Other boulders are partially covered by biogenic encrustations and show morphological features (karstic pools, exposed fracture surfaces) suggesting that they were detached and scattered from the mid-supralittoral zone. Direct observations on each boulder (distance from the shoreline, size and weight), together with statistical analysis of the storm regime of the area, allowed to operate hydrodynamic estimations useful to verify if tsunami or storm waves were responsible for their detachment and transport, while radiocarbon age determinations on marine organisms constrained the timing. Collected data, compared to historical catalogues, suggest that in the last 1000 years three seismic events with local sources could have triggered tsunami waves associated with the boulder deposits occurring in the area. The first two were probably triggered by the earthquakes of February 4, 1169 and January 11, 1693 which destroyed south-eastern Sicily. According to geological data and numerical modelling, the seismogenic source could be located in the Ionian offshore between Catania and Siracusa. The third tsunami was generated by the strong earthquake which took place in the Strait of Messina on December 28, 1908.","contactname":"C. Monaco","contactemail":"cmonaco@unict.it ","compiler_idsite":1068,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1068,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1068,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1068,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":8,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by large isolated slabs of Miocene calcarenites (unit weight=2.13 g/cm3) scattered at a distance of up to 35m from the coast on a flat terrace. The boulders are smoothed and completely covered by biogenic encrustations, suggesting a submerged pre-transport location. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"There are not dating data for this event.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1077,"dating_idevent":1068,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"Yes","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1068,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1068,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2579,37.243,15.2579,37.243]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.76","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[17.9106,40.2343]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":76,"sitename":"Torre Squillace","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1999,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Lecce","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":75,"latitude":40.23429871,"longitude":17.91060066,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":72,"timeall":579,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site of Torre Squillace is located near Porto Cesareo, 30 km north of Gallipoli. The site is characterized by a bare rocky surface placed at about 2 m above the sea level and bordered seaward by a ramp sloping about 15%. ","sitenotes":"Small karstic landforms, shaped on the sub-aerially exposed calcareous sandstones are represented mainly by potholes, which became increasingly deeper and wider toward the coastline. In the spray zone potholes are coalescent, giving place to pinnacle-like forms (Spitzkarren) separated by wide, flat depressions.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1069,"reference_idsite":1069,"authors":"G. Mastronuzzi, P. Sansò","title":"Boulders transport by catastrophic waves along the Ionian coast of Apulia (southern Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology ","volume":"170","issue":null,"pages":"11","year":2000,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Several tracts of the Ionian coast of Apulia (southern Italy) are characterized by large boulders, up to 80 t in weight, scattered some meters above present sea level. The largest boulder is about 80 t in weight and slid for about 40 m from the mean sea level up to about 1.8 m of altitude. Elongated boulders show a remarkably narrow range of orientation of the long axis as well as of the imbrication axis, suggesting that they had been transported by a single catastrophic event, most likely a tsunami, connected to a wave train approaching the coast from the South. Stratigraphic, morphological and historical data suggest that this event occurred during the late Holocene. Conventional radiocarbon age determination performed on Lithophaga shells collected from a large boulder yielded a calibrated age between 1421 and 1568 A.D. Then, the catastrophic wave train, probably a tsunami, could be a local effect of the strong earthquake which hit southern Italy on December 5th, 1456.","contactname":"G. Mastronuzzi ","contactemail":"g.mastrozz@geo.uniba.it","compiler_idsite":1069,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1069,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"bare rocky surface","typeofsite_idsite":1069,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1069,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":6,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a boulders accumulation. The boulders are generally represented by calcareous sandstone slabs ranging in size from 1 x 0.85 x 0.5 to 6.0 x 2.6 x1.6 m3. Their volume ranges from less than 1 to 25 m3. Most of boulders are elongated. These elongated boulders rotated during transport, disposing their long axis tangent to the run-up fans induced by a single wave train approaching the NW-SE oriented coast from the South.","labyoungestagelya":700,"lyastddev":65,"youngestcalagemin":1421,"youngestcalagemax":1568,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1456,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on Lithophaga shells. It was adopting a Delta R value of -133±83. Thanks to historical data (Blandamura, 1925), it’s possible to relate this boulders accumulation to the catastrophic event induced by the December 5th, 1456 earthquake.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1078,"dating_idevent":1069,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1069,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1069,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[17.9106,40.2343,17.9106,40.2343]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.77","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[18.4025,39.9527]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":77,"sitename":"Torre Sasso","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Italy","region":"Apulia","province":"Lecce","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":50,"latitude":39.95270157,"longitude":18.40250015,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site of Torre Sasso is located along the eastern coast of southern Salento (Apulia region, Italy), few kilometers to the north of the Marina di Tricase locality. ","sitenotes":"The site consists of an accumulation of large boulders on a steep slope which joins the outer margin of a 10 m marine terrace with the present sea level.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1070,"reference_idsite":1070,"authors":"G. Mastronuzzi , C. Pignatelli , P. Sansò , G. Selleri ","title":"Boulder accumulations produced by the 20th of February, 1743 tsunami along the coast of southeastern Salento (Apulia region, Italy)","publication":"Marine Geology","volume":"242","issue":null,"pages":"15","year":2007,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.025","url":null,"abstract":"The detachment of large boulders in the nearshore zone and their deposition farther inland are the main morphological effects of tsunamis on rocky coasts. Along the Otranto–Leuca coast (southeastern Apulia, Italy), two boulder accumulations have been recognized and studied. At the Torre Sasso locality, boulders weighing up to 31 t are scattered from sea level to about 5 m of elevation and clustered in groups of several imbricated elements. At Torre S. Emiliano an impressive accumulation made of large boulders has been recognized and studied. The accumulation is about 30 m wide and follows the present coastline for about 2.5 km at a variable distance of 15 to 40 m. Looking closer, it is compounded by two ridges. The ridge closer to the coastline shows a very steep slope seaward made of very large boulders emplaced in a vertical position; its top reaches about 11 m above m.s.l. The inner belt is lower than the outer one and consists of smaller boulders; it partly covers a 2 m thick colluvial deposit made of reddish sands. Huge blocks, weighing up to 70 t, cover the carved surface stretching from the coastline to the front of the first ridge. Analysis of the imbrication axes indicates that the catastrophic waves responsible for the development of the boulder accumulations most likely propagated from SSE to NNW direction. Karstic features occurring on the surface of the innermost boulders indicate a very recent age for their deposition as no differences have been found between the aerial-exposed surface and the soil-covered one. Three AMS radiocarbon age determinations performed on marine shells found landward the boulders have accumulated recently, i.e. within the last three centuries. Moreover, archeological remains in the top layers of the colluvial deposits covered by the boulders can be referenced to 16th–17th centuries. This evidence suggests that the 20th of February, 1743 earthquake was responsible for the generation of two large tsunami waves which caused the boulder accumulations to deposit. This earthquake was particularly violent in the Salento region where it reached grade IX on the MCS scale. Interestingly, chronicles of this event record a withdrawal of the sea in the Brindisi harbour, north of the study area. This study highlights the tsunamigenic potential offshore the southeastern Salento coast requiring that further strategies be devoted to mitigate the tsunami risk.","contactname":"P. Sansò","contactemail":"paolo.sanso@unile.it","compiler_idsite":1070,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1070,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"Marine terrace","typeofsite_idsite":1070,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1070,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":4.5,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is represented by a remarkable accumulation of large boulders on a steep slope which joins the outer margin of a 10 m high marine terrace with the present sea level. Boulders are placed from sea level to about 5 m of elevation and clustered in groups made of several imbricated elements. In one case, boulders are arranged in a very unstable configuration.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1743,"eventdescription":"There are not dating data for this boulders accumulation.  Authors relate this deposition to the strong event of February 20, 1743.","eventnotes":"Imbrication axis azimuth and the A – axis elongation analyses indicate the prevailing direction of the catastrophic wave responsible for the deposition to be from the SSE sector.","event_idevent":1079,"dating_idevent":1070,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1070,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1070,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[18.4025,39.9527,18.4025,39.9527]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.123","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[4.9239,60.7588]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":123,"sitename":"Asetjorn","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Austreim","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":70,"latitude":60.75880051,"longitude":4.92390013,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":14,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":9730,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"3.5 abovesea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1112,"reference_idsite":1112,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1112,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1112,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1112,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1112,"depth":8.05000019,"thicknessordimension":0.80000001,"evidencedescription":"Fining-upwards laminated sand and organic detritus in lacustrine mud","labyoungestagelya":7230,"lyastddev":105,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":7805,"loastddev":115,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1129,"dating_idevent":1112,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1112,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1112,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[4.9239,60.7588,4.9239,60.7588]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.78","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2291,38.7857]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":78,"sitename":"Malpassedu","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Messina","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":38.78570175,"longitude":15.22910023,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":120,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":5050,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the southeastern sector of Stromboli volcano island about 100 m north of the coastal point of Malpassedu.","sitenotes":"Exposures occur above the beach in a steep valley called Le Schicciole that has a slope of 35° to 45°. The valley is surrounded by walls of lava, which rise 20 to 30 m, attributed to the Vancori eruptive cycle.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1071,"reference_idsite":1071,"authors":"Lawrence H. Tanner, Sonia Calvari","title":"Unusual sedimentary deposits on the SE side of Stromboli volcano, Italy: products of a tsunami caused by the ca. 5000 years BP Sciara del Fuoco collapse?","publication":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ","volume":"137","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2004,"doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"The role of sector collapse in the generation of catastrophic volcanigenic tsunami has become well understood only recently, in part because of the problems in the preservation and recognition of tsunami deposits. Tinti et al. [Tinti, S., Bortolucci, E., Romagnoli, C., 2000. Computer simulations of tsunamis due to sector collapse at Stromboli, Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 96, 103–128] modeled a tsunami produced by the c. 5,000 years BP collapse of the Sciara del Fuoco on the island volcano Stromboli. Although deposits associated with this event are generally lacking on the island, volcaniclastic breccias on the SE side of the island extending to an elevation above 120 m a.s.l. may have been generated by this tsunami. Deposits above 100 m are dominated by coarse breccias comprising disorganized, poorly sorted, nonbedded, angular to subangular lava blocks in a matrix of finer pyroclastic debris. These breccias are interpreted as a water-induced mass flow, possibly a noncohesive debris flow, generated as colluvial material on steep slopes was remobilized by the return flow of the tsunami wave, the run-up of which reached an elevation exceeding 120 m a.s.l. Finer breccias of subrounded to rounded lava blocks cropping out at 15 m a.s.l. are similar to modern high-energy beach deposits and are interpreted as beach material redeposited by the advancing tsunami wave. The location of these deposits matches the predicted location of the maximum tsunami wave amplitude as calculated by modeling studies of Tinti et al. [Tinti, S., Bortolucci, E., Romagnoli, C., 2000. Computer simulations of tsunamis due to sector collapse at Stromboli, Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 96, 103–128]. Whereas the identification and modeling of paleo-tsunami events is typically based on the observation of the sedimentary deposits of the tsunami run-up, return flow may be equally or more important in controlling patterns of sedimentation.","contactname":"L.H. Tanner ","contactemail":"lhtann@bloomu.edu","compiler_idsite":1071,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1071,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"volcano flank","typeofsite_idsite":1071,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1071,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a deposit outcroping between 100 and 120 m a.s.l. and being composed by a poorly sorted, clast-supported breccia of disorganized subangular to angular lava blocks. No grading or stratification is discernible within the deposit. This deposits is exposed sporadically in the walls of an erosional gully that extends from 100 down to 15 m a.s.l.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-3000,"eventdescription":"The event could be related to the 5000-years BP tsunami generated by the sector collapse that formed the modern Sciara del Fuoco, as modeled by Tinti et al., J.V.G.R., 2000.","eventnotes":"Authors interpret this deposit as a mass-flow deposit, possibly a noncohesive debris flow, generated when intense return flow of the tsunami wave remobilized colluvial material covering the steep slopes. ","event_idevent":1080,"dating_idevent":1071,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1071,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1071,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2291,38.7857,15.2291,38.7857]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.79","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2291,38.7857]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":79,"sitename":"Malpassedu","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Messina","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":38.78570175,"longitude":15.22910023,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":120,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":5050,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the southeastern sector of Stromboli volcano island about 100 m north of the coastal point of Malpassedu.","sitenotes":"Exposures occur above the beach in a steep valley called Le Schicciole that has a slope of 35° to 45°. The valley is surrounded by walls of lava, which rise 20 to 30 m, attributed to the Vancori eruptive cycle.","timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1071,"reference_idsite":1071,"authors":"Lawrence H. Tanner, Sonia Calvari","title":"Unusual sedimentary deposits on the SE side of Stromboli volcano, Italy: products of a tsunami caused by the ca. 5000 years BP Sciara del Fuoco collapse?","publication":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ","volume":"137","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2004,"doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"The role of sector collapse in the generation of catastrophic volcanigenic tsunami has become well understood only recently, in part because of the problems in the preservation and recognition of tsunami deposits. Tinti et al. [Tinti, S., Bortolucci, E., Romagnoli, C., 2000. Computer simulations of tsunamis due to sector collapse at Stromboli, Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 96, 103–128] modeled a tsunami produced by the c. 5,000 years BP collapse of the Sciara del Fuoco on the island volcano Stromboli. Although deposits associated with this event are generally lacking on the island, volcaniclastic breccias on the SE side of the island extending to an elevation above 120 m a.s.l. may have been generated by this tsunami. Deposits above 100 m are dominated by coarse breccias comprising disorganized, poorly sorted, nonbedded, angular to subangular lava blocks in a matrix of finer pyroclastic debris. These breccias are interpreted as a water-induced mass flow, possibly a noncohesive debris flow, generated as colluvial material on steep slopes was remobilized by the return flow of the tsunami wave, the run-up of which reached an elevation exceeding 120 m a.s.l. Finer breccias of subrounded to rounded lava blocks cropping out at 15 m a.s.l. are similar to modern high-energy beach deposits and are interpreted as beach material redeposited by the advancing tsunami wave. The location of these deposits matches the predicted location of the maximum tsunami wave amplitude as calculated by modeling studies of Tinti et al. [Tinti, S., Bortolucci, E., Romagnoli, C., 2000. Computer simulations of tsunamis due to sector collapse at Stromboli, Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 96, 103–128]. Whereas the identification and modeling of paleo-tsunami events is typically based on the observation of the sedimentary deposits of the tsunami run-up, return flow may be equally or more important in controlling patterns of sedimentation.","contactname":"L.H. Tanner ","contactemail":"lhtann@bloomu.edu","compiler_idsite":1071,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1071,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"volcano flank","typeofsite_idsite":1071,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1071,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a deposit cropping out at 15 m a.s.l. and it is characterized by a fine breccia of subrounded to rounded lava blocks similar to modern high-energy beach deposits.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-3000,"eventdescription":"The event could be related to the 5000-years BP tsunami generated by the sector collapse that formed the modern Sciara del Fuoco, as modeled by Tinti et al., J.V.G.R., 2000.","eventnotes":"Authors interpret this deposit as material left by the advancing wave during run up.","event_idevent":1081,"dating_idevent":1071,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1071,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1071,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2291,38.7857,15.2291,38.7857]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.80","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[15.2385,38.7968]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":80,"sitename":"San Vincenzo","yearinvestigationfrom":2003,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Italy","region":"Sicily","province":"Messina","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":38.79679871,"longitude":15.23849964,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":130,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"San Vincenzo is located in the north east edge of Stromboli, being characterized by a rocky coast faced by a volcanic sandy beach.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1072,"reference_idsite":1072,"authors":"A. Maramai, L. Graziani, G. Alessio, P. Burrato, L. Colini, L. Cucci, R. Nappi, A. Nardi, G. Vilardo","title":"Near- and far-field survey report of the 30 December 2002 Stromboli (Southern Italy) tsunami","publication":"Marine Geology ","volume":"215","issue":null,"pages":"14","year":2005,"doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2004.11.009    ","url":null,"abstract":"In May 2002, Stromboli–one of the two active volcanoes in the Aeolian Islands (southern Tyrrhenian sea)–entered a new phase of explosive activity, initially characterized by gas and ash emission from the summit craters. On 30 December 2002, a massive submarine landslide, followed by a subaerial one from the elevation of about 650 m above sea level (a.s.l.), detached from the submerged part of the northwest slope of Stromboli island producing a tsunami. This huge mass movement was recorded by the INGV seismic stations installed, respectively, at Stromboli and Panarea. In the following days, a working group of INGV researchers and technicians was organized in order to perform a field survey of the tsunami effects in the near-field—including all the Aeolian Islands. Meanwhile, a survey in the far-field was planned, along the coastline of Campania and Sicily, where the effects of the 30 December tsunami were observed but not directly quantified. Visible material effects of the 30 December tsunami could be observed only along the northeast coast of Stromboli island, inundated by the wave, with run-up heights locally up to several meters. Many buildings were severely damaged. On the other Aeolian Islands and in the far-field, the effects of the sea wave were documented only through eyewitness accounts. To ensure a coherent collection of these accounts, a standard interview form, based on the advice of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), was used. A databank of all observations, measurements, interview forms and photographs was compiled in order to provide a useful base to test computer simulations, hazard analyses and damage scenarios. Additional information was also made available at the EMERGEO link of INGV web pages http://www.ingv.it/ emergeo and http://www.ov.ingv.it.","contactname":"A. Maramai ","contactemail":"maramai@ingv.it","compiler_idsite":1072,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1072,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1072,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1072,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"At San Vincenzo shore the sand beach was carved by water whirls at a distance of 50 m from the shoreline and the maximum inundation was estimated at around 130 m.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":2002,"eventdescription":"Field work on Stromboli island was carried out on January 5 and 6, few days after the event (30 December 2002) so that the effect of the wave impact were still perfectly visible and easily investigated.","eventnotes":"The short vegetation growing in the sandy beach looked crushed, up rooted and oriented with the wave direction.","event_idevent":1082,"dating_idevent":1072,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"Yes","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"Yes","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1072,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1072,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[15.2385,38.7968,15.2385,38.7968]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.81","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[14.4803,35.9363]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":81,"sitename":"Pembroke","yearinvestigationfrom":2014,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Malta","region":"Malta Majjistral","province":"Pembroke","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":35.93629837,"longitude":14.48029995,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":30,"timeall":317,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The area is located along the NE coast of Malta Island, a few hundred metres east of the Village of Pembroke.","sitenotes":"This site, from a geomorphological point of view, consists of a low-lying rocky areaof Lower Coralline Limestone Formation showing, in a northwards direction, the stratigraphic boundary between the Xlendi and the Attard members.","timestamp":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1073,"reference_idsite":1073,"authors":"S. Biolchi, S. Furlani, F. Antonioli, N. Baldassini, J. CausonDeguara, S. Devoto, A. Di Stefano, J. Evans, T. Gambin, R. Gauci, G. Mastronuzzi, C. Monaco, and G. Scicchitano","title":"Boulder accumulations related to extreme wave events on the eastern coast of Malta","publication":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci","volume":"3","issue":null,"pages":"43","year":2015,"doi":"10.5194/nhessd-3-5977-2015","url":"www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/3/5977/2015/","abstract":"The accumulation of large boulders related to waves generated either by tsunamis or extreme storm events has been observed in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Along the NE and E low-lying rocky coasts of Malta tens of large boulder deposits have been surveyed, measured and mapped. These boulders have been detached and moved from the seafloor and lowest parts of the coast by the action of sea waves. In the Sicily–Malta channel, heavy storms are common and originate from the NE and NW winds. Conversely, few severe earthquakes and tsunamis are recorded in historical documents to have hit the Maltese archipelago, originated by seismicity activity related mainly to the Malta Escarpment, the Sicily Channel Rift Zone and the Hellenic Arc. We present a multi-disciplinary study, which aims to define the characteristics of the boulder accumulations along the eastern coast of Malta, in order to assess the coastal geo-hazard implications triggered by the sheer ability of extreme waves to detach and move large rocky blocks inland. The wave heights required to transport coastal boulders were calculated using various hydrodynamic equations. Particular attention was devoted to the quantification of the input parameters required in the workings of these equations. The axis sizes ofblocks were measured with 3-D digital photogrammetric techniques and their densities were obtained throughout the use of a N-type Schmidt Hammer. Moreover, AMS ages were obtained from selected marine organisms encrusted on some of the boulders in various coastal sites. The combination of the results obtained by hydrodynamic equations and the radiocarbon dating suggests that the majority of the boulders has been detached and moved by intense storm waves. ","contactname":"S. Devoto","contactemail":"sdevoto@units.it","compiler_idsite":1073,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1073,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1073,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1073,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":2.8499999,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a boulders accumulation on a low-lying rocky area. Most of the boulders are located at more than 20m inland and are partly covered by a vermetid crust made by D. petraeum and the coralline alga Neogoniolithon brassica-florida. These crusts occur at the transition between the lower mediolittoral and upper infralittoral, and therefore represent the evidence of at least one submarine phase of these rocks with their upper surface located at approximately mean sea level.","labyoungestagelya":227,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":1683,"youngestcalagemax":1763,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a vermetid mollusk (Dendropoma petraeum).  It was adopted the MMHM equation (Mixed Marine North Emisphere) with a ΔR = 59 ±40. Radiocarbon dating shows that this boulder could be related to one of the two important tsunamis of AD 1693 ( Eastern Sicily) or AD 1743(Apulia), which have also been reported in the historical accounts of Malta.","eventnotes":"Authors suggest that this attribution is contestable since: 1) the limits of the Radiocarbon age due to the limited number of samples and to the calibration; 2) the hydrodynamic approach seems not to confirm the hypothesis of ancient tsunamis, as the estimated values for storm wave heights are acceptable for the Maltese regime.","event_idevent":1083,"dating_idevent":1073,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1073,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1073,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[14.4803,35.9363,14.4803,35.9363]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.124","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[4.949,60.742]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":124,"sitename":"Longevatnet","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Austreim","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":250,"latitude":60.74200058,"longitude":4.94899988,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":10.89999962,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":9500,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"0.5 m above sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1113,"reference_idsite":1113,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1113,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1113,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1113,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1113,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"Fining-upwards sand in lacustrine mud","labyoungestagelya":7190,"lyastddev":80,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1130,"dating_idevent":1113,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1113,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1113,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[4.949,60.742,4.949,60.742]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.82","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[14.4578,35.9414]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":82,"sitename":"Baharic - Caghaq","yearinvestigationfrom":2014,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Malta","region":"Malta Majjistral","province":"Nasciaro","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":35.94139862,"longitude":14.45779991,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":32,"timeall":373,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Baharic–Caghaq is located in the central part of the Malta eastern coast, between Qawra andPembroke.","sitenotes":"The site is characterized by a wide flat platform composed by the highest unit of the Lower Coralline Limestone (Xlendi Member). The platform is covered by tens of metric boulders which are imbricated toward NE. Moving towards south, the lithology of the coast, as well as that of boulders, changes into Globigerina Limestone Formation. The boulder deposits extend for about 700m and consist of hundreds of blocks, all metric in size, which have been deposited up to30m away from the coastline and are imbricated mainly toward NE.","timestamp":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1074,"reference_idsite":1074,"authors":"S. Biolchi, S. Furlani, F. Antonioli, N. Baldassini, J. CausonDeguara, S. Devoto, A. Di Stefano, J. Evans, T. Gambin, R. Gauci, G. Mastronuzzi, C. Monaco, and G. Scicchitano","title":"Boulder accumulations related to extreme wave events on the eastern coast of Malta","publication":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.","volume":"3","issue":null,"pages":"43","year":2015,"doi":"10.5194/nhessd-3-5977-2015","url":"www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/3/5977/2015/","abstract":"The accumulation of large boulders related to waves generated either by tsunamis or extreme storm events has been observed in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Along the NE and E low-lying rocky coasts of Malta tens of large boulder deposits have been surveyed, measured and mapped. These boulders have been detached and moved from the seafloor and lowest parts of the coast by the action of sea waves. In the Sicily–Malta channel, heavy storms are common and originate from the NE and NW winds. Conversely, few severe earthquakes and tsunamis are recorded in historical documents to have hit the Maltese archipelago, originated by seismicity activity related mainly to the Malta Escarpment, the Sicily Channel Rift Zone and the Hellenic Arc. We present a multi-disciplinary study, which aims to define the characteristics of the boulder accumulations along the eastern coast of Malta, in order to assess the coastal geo-hazard implications triggered by the sheer ability of extreme waves to detach and move large rocky blocks inland. The wave heights required to transport coastal boulders were calculated using various hydrodynamic equations. Particular attention was devoted to the quantification of the input parameters required in the workings of these equations. The axis sizes ofblocks were measured with 3-D digital photogrammetric techniques and their densities were obtained throughout the use of a N-type Schmidt Hammer. Moreover, AMS ages were obtained from selected marine organisms encrusted on some of the boulders in various coastal sites. The combination of the results obtained by hydrodynamic equations and the radiocarbon dating suggests that the majority of the boulders has been detached and moved by intense storm waves. Nonetheless, it is possible that some of them may have been transported by tsunami.","contactname":"S. Devoto","contactemail":"sdevoto@units.it","compiler_idsite":1074,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1074,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1074,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1074,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":4.3499999,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a boulders accumulation on a wide flat platform. Boulders have remains of marine organism (Dendropoma petraeum, calcareous rhodophyte Neogoniolithon brassica-florida, and remnants of other Biota commonly associated with vermetid aggregations). Vermetid crusts are typical of the mediolittoral to infralittoral transition. This means that the surfaces of these boulders were at some point present at approximately mean sea level.","labyoungestagelya":278,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":1627,"youngestcalagemax":1717,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a vermetid mollusk (Dendropoma petraeum).  It was adopted the MMHM equation (Mixed Marine North Emisphere) with a ΔR = 59 ±40. Radiocarbon dating revealed ages that could be related to one of the two important tsunamis of AD 1693 ( Eastern Sicily) or AD 1743(Apulia), which have also been reported in the historical accounts of Malta.","eventnotes":"Authors suggest that this attribution is contestable since: 1) the limits of the Radiocarbon age due to the limited number of samples and to the calibration; 2) the hydrodynamic approach seems not to confirm the hypothesis of ancient tsunamis, as the estimated values for storm wave heights are acceptable for the Maltese regime.","event_idevent":1084,"dating_idevent":1074,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1074,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"water flume experiment","typeofevidence_idevent":1074,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[14.4578,35.9414,14.4578,35.9414]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.83","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[14.3625,35.9961]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":83,"sitename":"Armier Bay","yearinvestigationfrom":2014,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Malta","region":"Malta Majjistral","province":"Mellieħa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":35.99610138,"longitude":14.36250019,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":8,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":50,"timeall":2618,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the north-eastern sector of the Malta island, which is exposed to winds blowing from West to North North West.","sitenotes":"From a geomorphological point of view, this part of the coast can be defined as a rocky low-lying coast, with an average slope of 5–6°  (Said and Schembri, 2010). The coast is entirely composed of Upper Coralline Limestone (Mtarfa Member). The bedding is sub-horizontal and has an average thickness of 50 cm.","timestamp":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1075,"reference_idsite":1075,"authors":"S. Biolchi, S. Furlani, F. Antonioli, N. Baldassini, J. CausonDeguara, S. Devoto, A. Di Stefano, J. Evans, T. Gambin, R. Gauci, G. Mastronuzzi, C. Monaco, and G. Scicchitano","title":"Boulder accumulations related to extreme wave events on the eastern coast of Malta","publication":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.","volume":"3","issue":null,"pages":"43","year":2015,"doi":"10.5194/nhessd-3-5977-2015","url":"www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/3/5977/2015/","abstract":"The accumulation of large boulders related to waves generated either by tsunamis or extreme storm events has been observed in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Along the NE and E low-lying rocky coasts of Malta tens of large boulder deposits have been surveyed, measured and mapped. These boulders have been detached and moved from the seafloor and lowest parts of the coast by the action of sea waves. In the Sicily–Malta channel, heavy storms are common and originate from the NE and NW winds. Conversely, few severe earthquakes and tsunamis are recorded in historical documents to have hit the Maltese archipelago, originated by seismicity activity related mainly to the Malta Escarpment, the Sicily Channel Rift Zone and the Hellenic Arc. We present a multi-disciplinary study, which aims to define the characteristics of the boulder accumulations along the eastern coast of Malta, in order to assess the coastal geo-hazard implications triggered by the sheer ability of extreme waves to detach and move large rocky blocks inland. The wave heights required to transport coastal boulders were calculated using various hydrodynamic equations. Particular attention was devoted to the quantification of the input parameters required in the workings of these equations. The axis sizes ofblocks were measured with 3-D digital photogrammetric techniques and their densities were obtained throughout the use of a N-type Schmidt Hammer. Moreover, AMS ages were obtained from selected marine organisms encrusted on some of the boulders in various coastal sites. The combination of the results obtained by hydrodynamic equations and the radiocarbon dating suggests that the majority of the boulders has been detached and moved by intense storm waves. Nonetheless, it is possible that some of them may have been transported by tsunami.","contactname":"S. Devoto","contactemail":"sdevoto@units.it","compiler_idsite":1075,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1075,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1075,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1075,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":35,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on three boulders deposited on a rocky low-lying coast, with a maximum distance from the shoreline of 32 m. Boulders have remains of marine organism (Dendropoma petraeum) typical of the lower mediolittoral to infralittoral transition. This means that boulders were at some point present at approximately mean sea level.","labyoungestagelya":1026,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":1337,"youngestcalagemax":1431,"laboldestage":1095,"loastddev":45,"oldestcalagemin":1252,"oldestcalagemax":1344,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1329,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on vermetid organisms.  Radiocarbon dating revealed ages that can be related with the event of April 28, 1329.","eventnotes":"Authors suggest that this attribution is contestable since: 1) the limits of the Radiocarbon age due to the limited number of samples and to the calibration; 2) the hydrodynamic approach seems not to confirm the hypothesis of ancient tsunamis, as the estimated values for storm wave heights are acceptable for the Maltese regime.","event_idevent":1085,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1075,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1075,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[14.3625,35.9961,14.3625,35.9961]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.84","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[14.3625,35.9961]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":84,"sitename":"Armier Bay","yearinvestigationfrom":2014,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Malta","region":"Malta Majjistral","province":"Mellieħa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":35.99610138,"longitude":14.36250019,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":8,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":50,"timeall":2618,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the north-eastern sector of the Malta island, which is exposed to winds blowing from West to North North West.","sitenotes":"From a geomorphological point of view, this part of the coast can be defined as a rocky low-lying coast, with an average slope of 5–6°  (Said and Schembri, 2010). The coast is entirely composed of Upper Coralline Limestone (Mtarfa Member). The bedding is sub-horizontal and has an average thickness of 50 cm.","timestamp":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1075,"reference_idsite":1075,"authors":"S. Biolchi, S. Furlani, F. Antonioli, N. Baldassini, J. CausonDeguara, S. Devoto, A. Di Stefano, J. Evans, T. Gambin, R. Gauci, G. Mastronuzzi, C. Monaco, and G. Scicchitano","title":"Boulder accumulations related to extreme wave events on the eastern coast of Malta","publication":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.","volume":"3","issue":null,"pages":"43","year":2015,"doi":"10.5194/nhessd-3-5977-2015","url":"www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/3/5977/2015/","abstract":"The accumulation of large boulders related to waves generated either by tsunamis or extreme storm events has been observed in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Along the NE and E low-lying rocky coasts of Malta tens of large boulder deposits have been surveyed, measured and mapped. These boulders have been detached and moved from the seafloor and lowest parts of the coast by the action of sea waves. In the Sicily–Malta channel, heavy storms are common and originate from the NE and NW winds. Conversely, few severe earthquakes and tsunamis are recorded in historical documents to have hit the Maltese archipelago, originated by seismicity activity related mainly to the Malta Escarpment, the Sicily Channel Rift Zone and the Hellenic Arc. We present a multi-disciplinary study, which aims to define the characteristics of the boulder accumulations along the eastern coast of Malta, in order to assess the coastal geo-hazard implications triggered by the sheer ability of extreme waves to detach and move large rocky blocks inland. The wave heights required to transport coastal boulders were calculated using various hydrodynamic equations. Particular attention was devoted to the quantification of the input parameters required in the workings of these equations. The axis sizes ofblocks were measured with 3-D digital photogrammetric techniques and their densities were obtained throughout the use of a N-type Schmidt Hammer. Moreover, AMS ages were obtained from selected marine organisms encrusted on some of the boulders in various coastal sites. The combination of the results obtained by hydrodynamic equations and the radiocarbon dating suggests that the majority of the boulders has been detached and moved by intense storm waves. Nonetheless, it is possible that some of them may have been transported by tsunami.","contactname":"S. Devoto","contactemail":"sdevoto@units.it","compiler_idsite":1075,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1075,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1075,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1075,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":2.55999994,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on two boulders deposited on a rocky low-lying coast, with a maximum distance from the shoreline of 16 m. Boulders have remains of marine organism (Dendropoma petraeum) typical of the lower mediolittoral to infralittoral transition. This means that boulders were at some point present at approximately mean sea level.On one of the boulders there were barnacle shells belonging to the family Chthamalidae; such barnacles normally occur just above mean sea level.","labyoungestagelya":1525,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":868,"youngestcalagemax":1008,"laboldestage":1582,"loastddev":45,"oldestcalagemin":794,"oldestcalagemax":944,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":963,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon data were performed on a vermetid mollusk (Dendropoma petraeum) and on a Chthamalidae. Radiocarbon dating revealed ages that can be related with the event of AD 963.","eventnotes":"Authors suggest that this attribution is contestable since: 1) the limits of the Radiocarbon age due to the limited number of samples and to the calibration; 2) the hydrodynamic approach seems not to confirm the hypothesis of ancient tsunamis, as the estimated values for storm wave heights are acceptable for the Maltese regime.","event_idevent":1086,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1075,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1075,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[14.3625,35.9961,14.3625,35.9961]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.85","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[14.3625,35.9961]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":85,"sitename":"Armier Bay","yearinvestigationfrom":2014,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Malta","region":"Malta Majjistral","province":"Mellieħa","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":35.99610138,"longitude":14.36250019,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":8,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":50,"timeall":2618,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the north-eastern sector of the Malta island, which is exposed to winds blowing from West to North North West.","sitenotes":"From a geomorphological point of view, this part of the coast can be defined as a rocky low-lying coast, with an average slope of 5–6°  (Said and Schembri, 2010). The coast is entirely composed of Upper Coralline Limestone (Mtarfa Member). The bedding is sub-horizontal and has an average thickness of 50 cm.","timestamp":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1075,"reference_idsite":1075,"authors":"S. Biolchi, S. Furlani, F. Antonioli, N. Baldassini, J. CausonDeguara, S. Devoto, A. Di Stefano, J. Evans, T. Gambin, R. Gauci, G. Mastronuzzi, C. Monaco, and G. Scicchitano","title":"Boulder accumulations related to extreme wave events on the eastern coast of Malta","publication":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.","volume":"3","issue":null,"pages":"43","year":2015,"doi":"10.5194/nhessd-3-5977-2015","url":"www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/3/5977/2015/","abstract":"The accumulation of large boulders related to waves generated either by tsunamis or extreme storm events has been observed in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Along the NE and E low-lying rocky coasts of Malta tens of large boulder deposits have been surveyed, measured and mapped. These boulders have been detached and moved from the seafloor and lowest parts of the coast by the action of sea waves. In the Sicily–Malta channel, heavy storms are common and originate from the NE and NW winds. Conversely, few severe earthquakes and tsunamis are recorded in historical documents to have hit the Maltese archipelago, originated by seismicity activity related mainly to the Malta Escarpment, the Sicily Channel Rift Zone and the Hellenic Arc. We present a multi-disciplinary study, which aims to define the characteristics of the boulder accumulations along the eastern coast of Malta, in order to assess the coastal geo-hazard implications triggered by the sheer ability of extreme waves to detach and move large rocky blocks inland. The wave heights required to transport coastal boulders were calculated using various hydrodynamic equations. Particular attention was devoted to the quantification of the input parameters required in the workings of these equations. The axis sizes ofblocks were measured with 3-D digital photogrammetric techniques and their densities were obtained throughout the use of a N-type Schmidt Hammer. Moreover, AMS ages were obtained from selected marine organisms encrusted on some of the boulders in various coastal sites. The combination of the results obtained by hydrodynamic equations and the radiocarbon dating suggests that the majority of the boulders has been detached and moved by intense storm waves. Nonetheless, it is possible that some of them may have been transported by tsunami.","contactname":"S. Devoto","contactemail":"sdevoto@units.it","compiler_idsite":1075,"name":"simone","surname":"orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1075,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1075,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1075,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":4.19999981,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on one boulder deposited on a rocky low-lying coast, with a maximum distance from the shoreline of 15 m. This boulder has remains of marine organism (Dendropoma petraeum) typical of the lower mediolittoral to infralittoral transition. This means that the boulder was at some point present at approximately mean sea level.","labyoungestagelya":2784,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":-618,"youngestcalagemax":-410,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon data was performed on a vermetid mollusk (Dendropoma petraeum).  It was adopted the MMHM equation (Mixed Marine North Emisphere) with a ΔR = 59 ±40. This age could  be tentatively referred to the ancient events of 373 BC (West Corinth Gulf) and of 426 BC (Crete Island), but this boulder, despite its significant size (4.2m 2.8m 0.5m), is located very close to the the coast (15m) and it is placed above other boulders.","eventnotes":"Authors suggest that this attribution is contestable since: 1) the limits of the Radiocarbon age due to the limited number of samples and to the calibration; 2) the hydrodynamic approach seems not to confirm the hypothesis of ancient tsunamis, as the estimated values for storm wave heights are acceptable for the Maltese regime.","event_idevent":1087,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1075,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1075,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[14.3625,35.9961,14.3625,35.9961]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.86","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[20.6929,38.8443]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":86,"sitename":"Lefkada Lagoon","yearinvestigationfrom":2008,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Greece","region":"Lefkada island","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":600,"latitude":38.84429169,"longitude":20.69286919,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":800,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The investigated site is the so called the“Gyra fan”, a large fan structure in the northern Lagoon of Lefkada","sitenotes":"The Gyra fan is situated in the western part of the Lefkada Lagoon and represents, with 390,000 m2 (area above mean sea level, a.s.l.), the most extensive fan structure in the study area.The study fan consists of a coarse-grained sequence of fully marine origin on top of lagoonal mud and a palaeosol, respectively.","timestamp":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1077,"reference_idsite":1077,"authors":"May S.M., Vött A., Bruckner H., Smedile A.","title":"A large washover fan in the Lefkada Lagoon, NW Greece – evidence of the 365 AD Crete earthquake and tsunami","publication":"Earth Planet Space","volume":"64","issue":"10","pages":"15","year":2012,"doi":"10.5047/eps.2012.03.007","url":"http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/abstract/6410/64100859.html","abstract":"Coastal geomorphological and geological archives store valuable information about the geodynamic evolution of coastal areas and the contributing geomorphodynamic processes. The coastal geomorphology of the Lefkada-Preveza coastal zone, NW Greece, holds evidence for the influence of both gradual, low-energy and episodic, high-energy coastal processes. Situated close to the Hellenic Arc and the Cefalonia transform fault, the area belongs to one of the seismically most active regions in the Mediterranean. Thus, tsunami events are assumed to have contributed to the coastal evolution in the study area according to tsunami catalogues and field evidence from previous investigations. The northern part of the Lefkada Lagoon, separated from the Ionian Sea by an extensive barrier beach system, is characterized by a number of fan-like washover structures, formed by different washover generations. In this paper, we present detailed geomorphological, sedimentological, geochemical and foraminiferal investigations on the most prominent fan structure, the Gyra fan, based on terrestrial and lagoonal sediment cores. The Gyra fan consists of a coarse-grained sequence of fully marine origin on top of lagoonal mud and a palaeosol, respectively. The sequence shows numerous characteristics of extreme wave deposits. Due to the dimension and morphology of the fan, the existence of up to four consistent and correlative stratigraphic subunits, their landward thinning and their comparable sedimentary characteristics, we argue that a tsunami event induced the formation of the Gyra fan, comprising at least four major inundation impulses. According to radiocarbon dates, this geomorphological structure was most likely formed by teletsunami effects triggered by the 365 AD earthquake off western Crete.","contactname":"MAY SIMON MATTHIAS","contactemail":"mays@uni-koeln.de","compiler_idsite":1077,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1077,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1077,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1077,"depth":0.25,"thicknessordimension":1.05999994,"evidencedescription":"A successive formation of four, three or two distinct subunits (I–IV) of the coarse grained washover deposit during one single extreme wave event. These subunits consist of allochthonous, sublittoral and/or littoral sediments overlaying a lagoonal mud. Sedimentary and microfaunal characteristics match typical signatures reported from extreme wave deposits worldwideand provide clear evidence for its event-induced origin. The subunits likely correspond to at least four major inundation phases during one tsunami event. Sediment transport and related depositionseem to have been largest during flooding impulses in themiddle part of the tsunami wave train.","labyoungestagelya":1965,"lyastddev":25,"youngestcalagemin":349,"youngestcalagemax":533,"laboldestage":2085,"loastddev":15,"oldestcalagemin":-51,"oldestcalagemax":-165,"preferredagemin":349,"preferredagemax":533,"historicalage":365,"eventdescription":"The authors report that formation of the Gyra washover fan took place around or after 349–533 cal AD. This age is consistent with and thus corroborates previous studies carried out in the Lefkada-Preveza area. The 365 cal AD earthquake off western Crete is considered as the most likely triggering source since, according to historical sources, the related tsunami affected large parts of the eastern Mediterranean.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1089,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1077,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Hydrodynamics estimations","typeofevidence_idevent":1077,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[20.6929,38.8443,20.6929,38.8443]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.87","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[19.8848,39.4525]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":87,"sitename":"Korission","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Corfù Island","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":330,"latitude":39.45249939,"longitude":19.88478088,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.1,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":700,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the Korission Lagoon. The studies in the lagoon were carried out close to thesouthwestern lagoonal shoreline and along the landward lagoonal shore, where distinct washover fans extending several tens of meters were observed.","sitenotes":"Located in the southwestern part of Corfu, the Korission Lagoonis directly exposed to the open Ionian Sea. The lagoonshows shallow water depths below 1.5m. A beach barrier system, up to 200 m wide, separates the lagoonal system from the Ionian Sea. This sand accretion barrier formedwithin the course of the Holocene sea level rise and is believed tohave been already established at a position several meters below its present sea level.","timestamp":"2016-11-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1078,"reference_idsite":1078,"authors":"Peter Fischer , Claudia Finkler, Björn Roman Röbke , Kalliopi Baika, Hanna Hadler, Timo Willershäuser, Diamanto Rigakou, Garoufalia Metallinou, Andreas Vött","title":"Impact of Holocene tsunamis detected in lagoonal environments on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece): Geomorphological, sedimentary and microfaunal evidence","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"401","issue":null,"pages":"8","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.019","abstract":"In this paper, we present for the first time geomorphological, sedimentary and microfaunal evidence of palaeotsunami impact on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece). The island of Corfu is located in an area of exceptional tectonic stress: towards the south, the African oceanic plate is being subducted underneath the Aegean plate, whereas towards the north, the Adriatic and European plates form a continental collision zone. Recent publications provide evidence of earthquake related co-seismic movements that potentially trigger extreme wave events as well as relative sea level fluctuations. In this context, we investigated two selected near-coast geological archives e the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon in the east and the Korission Lagoon in the southwest of Corfu Island. Our results clearly document that the eastern as well as the southwestern coasts of Corfu were repeatedly affected by palaeotsunami impact during the Holocene. With regard to the local topographical constellation and the recent geomorphodynamic potential of each study area, evidence of high-energy wave impact is based on the stratigraphical and microfaunal record of selected vibracoring sites as well as on numerical modelling results. It is concluded that the eastern coast of Corfu is preferably affected by high-energy wave impacts from a southern direction. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench. In contrast, the southwestern coast of Corfu is endangered by impacts from both western and southern directions. Such impacts may comprise teletsunamis triggered in the Hellenic Trench or the Etna regions but may also be caused by local submarine landslides at the steeply sloping continental shelf directly west of Corfu. Our study builds a bridge between palaeotsunami-research conducted in the southern Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea and allows to better discriminate between the effects of teletsunamis and locally triggered events within one of the seismically most active regions in the eastern Mediterranean.","contactname":"P. Fisher","contactemail":"p.fischer@geo.uni-mainz.de","compiler_idsite":1078,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1078,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1078,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1078,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":4,"evidencedescription":"The authors report a tripartite sequence of washover deposits that is subdivided by layers of reworked lagoonal mud. The washover deposits are characterized by dominating fine and medium sand with alternating amounts of silt, coarse sand andgravel rich in shells and shell debris. These layers show high carbonate contents. and are clearly depicted by higher resistivity values compared to the lagoonal sediments. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":"Although chronostratigraphical data are not yet available, the authors speculate that the tsunami events detected in the records of the Korission Lagoon is relatively young because it was found in comparatively shallow depth below present ground surface. The thick palaeotsunamite found at the seaward shore of the Korission Lagoon has most likely been formed during multiple phases but chronostratigraphical data are needed to solve thisquestion. They conclude that the Korission lagoonal archive documents tsunami impacts from different directions including teletsunamis and local events triggered by submarine landslides west off Corfu. ","event_idevent":1091,"dating_idevent":1078,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1078,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"morphological; historical","typeofevidence_idevent":1078,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[19.8848,39.4525,19.8848,39.4525]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.88","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[19.9042,39.6068]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":88,"sitename":"Chalikiopoulou","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Corfù Island","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":39.60678101,"longitude":19.90415955,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.20999999,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":20,"timeall":null,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The site is located at the northern fringe of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon.","sitenotes":"The Chalikiopoulou Lagoon located south-west of Corfu City, has a north-south extent of 2.2 km and a west-east extent of 1.4 km. The average water depth is less than 1m.","timestamp":"2016-11-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1079,"reference_idsite":1079,"authors":"Peter Fischer , Claudia Finkler, Björn Roman Röbke , Kalliopi Baika, Hanna Hadler, Timo Willershäuser, Diamanto Rigakou, Garoufalia Metallinou, Andreas Vött","title":"Impact of Holocene tsunamis detected in lagoonal environments on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece): Geomorphological, sedimentary andmicrofaunal evidence","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"401","issue":null,"pages":"8","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.019","abstract":"In this paper, we present for the first time geomorphological, sedimentary and microfaunal evidence of palaeotsunami impact on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece). The island of Corfu is located in an area of exceptional tectonic stress: towards the south, the African oceanic plate is being subducted underneath the Aegean plate, whereas towards the north, the Adriatic and European plates form a continental collision zone. Recent publications provide evidence of earthquake related co-seismic movements that potentially trigger extreme wave events as well as relative sea level fluctuations. In this context, we investigated two selected near-coast geological archives e the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon in the east and the Korission Lagoon in the southwest of Corfu Island. Our results clearly document that the eastern as well as the southwestern coasts of Corfu were repeatedly affected by palaeotsunami impact during the Holocene. With regard to the local topographical constellation and the recent geomorphodynamic potential of each study area, evidence of high-energy wave impact is based on the stratigraphical and microfaunal record of selected vibracoring sites as well as on numerical modelling results. It is concluded that the eastern coast of Corfu is preferably affected by high-energy wave impacts from a southern direction. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench. In contrast, the southwestern coast of Corfu is endangered by impacts from both western and southern directions. Such impacts may comprise teletsunamis triggered in the Hellenic Trench or the Etna regions but may also be caused by local submarine landslides at the steeply sloping continental shelf directly west of Corfu. Our study builds a bridge between palaeotsunami-research conducted in the southern Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea and allows to better discriminate between the effects of teletsunamis and locally triggered events within one of the seismically most active regions in the eastern Mediterranean.","contactname":"P. Fisher","contactemail":"p.fischer@geo.uni-mainz.de","compiler_idsite":1079,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1079,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1079,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1079,"depth":6.9000001,"thicknessordimension":0.5,"evidencedescription":"A layer of fine, medium and locally coarse sand, rich in marine shell debris, was found intersecting the lagoonal mud, which indicates temporary shifts from quiescence to high-energetic depositional conditions. Lagoonal sediments below this coarser deposit clearly show characteristics of reworking processes. Beside grain size analyses, further stratigraphical characterization is delivered by magnetic susceptibility and the Ca/Fe ratio. High-energy deposits show minima of magnetic susceptibility and maxima of the Ca/Fe-ratio, both indicating the input of diamagnetic components and biogenic carbonate into the lagoonal environment. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":"Authors conclude that the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon is preferably affected by tsunami waves from a southern direction due to the southern bottleneck of the Gulf of Corfu. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench as local fault systems with vertical crust movements are not known from within the gulf.","event_idevent":1092,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1079,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Imbrication axis azimuth ;  A-axis elongation","typeofevidence_idevent":1079,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[19.9042,39.6068,19.9042,39.6068]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.89","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[19.9042,39.6068]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":89,"sitename":"Chalikiopoulou","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Corfù Island","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":39.60678101,"longitude":19.90415955,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.20999999,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":20,"timeall":null,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The site is located at the northern fringe of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon.","sitenotes":"The Chalikiopoulou Lagoon located south-west of Corfu City, has a north-south extent of 2.2 km and a west-east extent of 1.4 km. The average water depth is less than 1m.","timestamp":"2016-11-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1079,"reference_idsite":1079,"authors":"Peter Fischer , Claudia Finkler, Björn Roman Röbke , Kalliopi Baika, Hanna Hadler, Timo Willershäuser, Diamanto Rigakou, Garoufalia Metallinou, Andreas Vött","title":"Impact of Holocene tsunamis detected in lagoonal environments on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece): Geomorphological, sedimentary andmicrofaunal evidence","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"401","issue":null,"pages":"8","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.019","abstract":"In this paper, we present for the first time geomorphological, sedimentary and microfaunal evidence of palaeotsunami impact on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece). The island of Corfu is located in an area of exceptional tectonic stress: towards the south, the African oceanic plate is being subducted underneath the Aegean plate, whereas towards the north, the Adriatic and European plates form a continental collision zone. Recent publications provide evidence of earthquake related co-seismic movements that potentially trigger extreme wave events as well as relative sea level fluctuations. In this context, we investigated two selected near-coast geological archives e the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon in the east and the Korission Lagoon in the southwest of Corfu Island. Our results clearly document that the eastern as well as the southwestern coasts of Corfu were repeatedly affected by palaeotsunami impact during the Holocene. With regard to the local topographical constellation and the recent geomorphodynamic potential of each study area, evidence of high-energy wave impact is based on the stratigraphical and microfaunal record of selected vibracoring sites as well as on numerical modelling results. It is concluded that the eastern coast of Corfu is preferably affected by high-energy wave impacts from a southern direction. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench. In contrast, the southwestern coast of Corfu is endangered by impacts from both western and southern directions. Such impacts may comprise teletsunamis triggered in the Hellenic Trench or the Etna regions but may also be caused by local submarine landslides at the steeply sloping continental shelf directly west of Corfu. Our study builds a bridge between palaeotsunami-research conducted in the southern Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea and allows to better discriminate between the effects of teletsunamis and locally triggered events within one of the seismically most active regions in the eastern Mediterranean.","contactname":"P. Fisher","contactemail":"p.fischer@geo.uni-mainz.de","compiler_idsite":1079,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1079,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1079,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1079,"depth":5.9000001,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"A layer of fine, medium and locally coarse sand, rich in marine shell debris, was found intersecting the lagoonal mud, which indicates temporary shifts from quiescence to high-energetic depositional conditions. Lagoonal sediments below this coarser deposit clearly show characteristics of reworking processes. Beside grain size analyses, further stratigraphical characterization is delivered by magnetic susceptibility and the Ca/Fe ratio. High-energy deposits show minima of magnetic susceptibility and maxima of the Ca/Fe-ratio, both indicating the input of diamagnetic components and biogenic carbonate into the lagoonal environment. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":"Numerical simulations demonstrate the high vulnerability of the study lagoon with regard to tsunami inundation. Authors conclude that the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon is preferably affected by tsunami waves from a southern direction due to the southern bottleneck of the Gulf of Corfu. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench as local fault systems with vertical crust movements are not known from within the gulf.","event_idevent":1093,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1079,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Imbrication axis azimuth ;  A-axis elongation","typeofevidence_idevent":1079,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[19.9042,39.6068,19.9042,39.6068]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.125","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[9.8555,63.8266]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":125,"sitename":"Audalsvatnet","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Bjugn","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":170,"latitude":63.82659912,"longitude":9.85550022,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":33.5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":7435,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"2.5 m below sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1114,"reference_idsite":1114,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1114,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1114,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1114,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1114,"depth":12.44999981,"thicknessordimension":0.40000001,"evidencedescription":"Fining-upwards sand in marine silt/sand","labyoungestagelya":7315,"lyastddev":70,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1131,"dating_idevent":1114,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1114,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1114,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[9.8555,63.8266,9.8555,63.8266]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.90","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[19.9042,39.6068]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":90,"sitename":"Chalikiopoulou","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Corfù Island","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":39.60678101,"longitude":19.90415955,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.20999999,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":20,"timeall":null,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The site is located at the northern fringe of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon.","sitenotes":"The Chalikiopoulou Lagoon located south-west of Corfu City, has a north-south extent of 2.2 km and a west-east extent of 1.4 km. The average water depth is less than 1m.","timestamp":"2016-11-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1079,"reference_idsite":1079,"authors":"Peter Fischer , Claudia Finkler, Björn Roman Röbke , Kalliopi Baika, Hanna Hadler, Timo Willershäuser, Diamanto Rigakou, Garoufalia Metallinou, Andreas Vött","title":"Impact of Holocene tsunamis detected in lagoonal environments on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece): Geomorphological, sedimentary andmicrofaunal evidence","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"401","issue":null,"pages":"8","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.019","abstract":"In this paper, we present for the first time geomorphological, sedimentary and microfaunal evidence of palaeotsunami impact on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece). The island of Corfu is located in an area of exceptional tectonic stress: towards the south, the African oceanic plate is being subducted underneath the Aegean plate, whereas towards the north, the Adriatic and European plates form a continental collision zone. Recent publications provide evidence of earthquake related co-seismic movements that potentially trigger extreme wave events as well as relative sea level fluctuations. In this context, we investigated two selected near-coast geological archives e the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon in the east and the Korission Lagoon in the southwest of Corfu Island. Our results clearly document that the eastern as well as the southwestern coasts of Corfu were repeatedly affected by palaeotsunami impact during the Holocene. With regard to the local topographical constellation and the recent geomorphodynamic potential of each study area, evidence of high-energy wave impact is based on the stratigraphical and microfaunal record of selected vibracoring sites as well as on numerical modelling results. It is concluded that the eastern coast of Corfu is preferably affected by high-energy wave impacts from a southern direction. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench. In contrast, the southwestern coast of Corfu is endangered by impacts from both western and southern directions. Such impacts may comprise teletsunamis triggered in the Hellenic Trench or the Etna regions but may also be caused by local submarine landslides at the steeply sloping continental shelf directly west of Corfu. Our study builds a bridge between palaeotsunami-research conducted in the southern Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea and allows to better discriminate between the effects of teletsunamis and locally triggered events within one of the seismically most active regions in the eastern Mediterranean.","contactname":"P. Fisher","contactemail":"p.fischer@geo.uni-mainz.de","compiler_idsite":1079,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1079,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1079,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1079,"depth":2.20000005,"thicknessordimension":0.80000001,"evidencedescription":"A layer of fine, medium and locally coarse sand, rich in marine shell debris, was found intersecting the lagoonal mud, which indicates temporary shifts from quiescence to high-energetic depositional conditions. Lagoonal sediments below this coarser deposit clearly show characteristics of reworking processes. Beside grain size analyses, further stratigraphical characterization is delivered by magnetic susceptibility and the Ca/Fe ratio. High-energy deposits show minima of magnetic susceptibility and maxima of the Ca/Fe-ratio, both indicating the input of diamagnetic components and biogenic carbonate into the lagoonal environment. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":"Although chronostratigraphical data were not available, the authors speculate that the tsunami events detected in the records of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon are relatively young because they were found in comparatively shallow depth below present ground surface. Moreover, numerical simulations demonstrate the high vulnerability of the study lagoon with regard to tsunami inundation. They conclude that the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon is preferably affected by tsunami waves from a southern direction due to the southern bottleneck of the Gulf of Corfu. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench as local fault systems with vertical crust movements are not known from within the gulf.","event_idevent":1094,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1079,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Imbrication axis azimuth ;  A-axis elongation","typeofevidence_idevent":1079,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[19.9042,39.6068,19.9042,39.6068]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.91","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[19.9042,39.6068]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":91,"sitename":"Chalikiopoulou","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Corfù Island","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":39.60678101,"longitude":19.90415955,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.20999999,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":20,"timeall":null,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The site is located at the northern fringe of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon.","sitenotes":"The Chalikiopoulou Lagoon located south-west of Corfu City, has a north-south extent of 2.2 km and a west-east extent of 1.4 km. The average water depth is less than 1m.","timestamp":"2016-11-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1079,"reference_idsite":1079,"authors":"Peter Fischer , Claudia Finkler, Björn Roman Röbke , Kalliopi Baika, Hanna Hadler, Timo Willershäuser, Diamanto Rigakou, Garoufalia Metallinou, Andreas Vött","title":"Impact of Holocene tsunamis detected in lagoonal environments on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece): Geomorphological, sedimentary andmicrofaunal evidence","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"401","issue":null,"pages":"8","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.019","abstract":"In this paper, we present for the first time geomorphological, sedimentary and microfaunal evidence of palaeotsunami impact on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece). The island of Corfu is located in an area of exceptional tectonic stress: towards the south, the African oceanic plate is being subducted underneath the Aegean plate, whereas towards the north, the Adriatic and European plates form a continental collision zone. Recent publications provide evidence of earthquake related co-seismic movements that potentially trigger extreme wave events as well as relative sea level fluctuations. In this context, we investigated two selected near-coast geological archives e the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon in the east and the Korission Lagoon in the southwest of Corfu Island. Our results clearly document that the eastern as well as the southwestern coasts of Corfu were repeatedly affected by palaeotsunami impact during the Holocene. With regard to the local topographical constellation and the recent geomorphodynamic potential of each study area, evidence of high-energy wave impact is based on the stratigraphical and microfaunal record of selected vibracoring sites as well as on numerical modelling results. It is concluded that the eastern coast of Corfu is preferably affected by high-energy wave impacts from a southern direction. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench. In contrast, the southwestern coast of Corfu is endangered by impacts from both western and southern directions. Such impacts may comprise teletsunamis triggered in the Hellenic Trench or the Etna regions but may also be caused by local submarine landslides at the steeply sloping continental shelf directly west of Corfu. Our study builds a bridge between palaeotsunami-research conducted in the southern Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea and allows to better discriminate between the effects of teletsunamis and locally triggered events within one of the seismically most active regions in the eastern Mediterranean.","contactname":"P. Fisher","contactemail":"p.fischer@geo.uni-mainz.de","compiler_idsite":1079,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1079,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1079,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1079,"depth":1.39999998,"thicknessordimension":0.40000001,"evidencedescription":"A layer of fine, medium and locally coarse sand, rich in marine shell debris, was found intersecting the lagoonal mud, which indicates temporary shifts from quiescence to high-energetic depositional conditions. Lagoonal sediments below this coarser deposit clearly show characteristics of reworking processes. Beside grain size analyses, further stratigraphical characterization is delivered by magnetic susceptibility and the Ca/Fe ratio. High-energy deposits show minima of magnetic susceptibility and maxima of the Ca/Fe-ratio, both indicating the input of diamagnetic components and biogenic carbonate into the lagoonal environment. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":"Although chronostratigraphical data were not available, the authors speculate that the tsunami events detected in the records of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon are relatively young because they were found in comparatively shallow depth below present ground surface. Moreover, numerical simulations demonstrate the high vulnerability of the study lagoon with regard to tsunami inundation. They conclude that the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon is preferably affected by tsunami waves from a southern direction due to the southern bottleneck of the Gulf of Corfu. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench as local fault systems with vertical crust movements are not known from within the gulf.","event_idevent":1095,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1079,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Imbrication axis azimuth ;  A-axis elongation","typeofevidence_idevent":1079,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[19.9042,39.6068,19.9042,39.6068]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.92","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[19.9042,39.6068]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":92,"sitename":"Chalikiopoulou","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Corfù Island","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":39.60678101,"longitude":19.90415955,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.20999999,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":20,"timeall":null,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The site is located at the northern fringe of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon.","sitenotes":"The Chalikiopoulou Lagoon located south-west of Corfu City, has a north-south extent of 2.2 km and a west-east extent of 1.4 km. The average water depth is less than 1m.","timestamp":"2016-11-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1079,"reference_idsite":1079,"authors":"Peter Fischer , Claudia Finkler, Björn Roman Röbke , Kalliopi Baika, Hanna Hadler, Timo Willershäuser, Diamanto Rigakou, Garoufalia Metallinou, Andreas Vött","title":"Impact of Holocene tsunamis detected in lagoonal environments on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece): Geomorphological, sedimentary andmicrofaunal evidence","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"401","issue":null,"pages":"8","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.019","abstract":"In this paper, we present for the first time geomorphological, sedimentary and microfaunal evidence of palaeotsunami impact on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece). The island of Corfu is located in an area of exceptional tectonic stress: towards the south, the African oceanic plate is being subducted underneath the Aegean plate, whereas towards the north, the Adriatic and European plates form a continental collision zone. Recent publications provide evidence of earthquake related co-seismic movements that potentially trigger extreme wave events as well as relative sea level fluctuations. In this context, we investigated two selected near-coast geological archives e the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon in the east and the Korission Lagoon in the southwest of Corfu Island. Our results clearly document that the eastern as well as the southwestern coasts of Corfu were repeatedly affected by palaeotsunami impact during the Holocene. With regard to the local topographical constellation and the recent geomorphodynamic potential of each study area, evidence of high-energy wave impact is based on the stratigraphical and microfaunal record of selected vibracoring sites as well as on numerical modelling results. It is concluded that the eastern coast of Corfu is preferably affected by high-energy wave impacts from a southern direction. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench. In contrast, the southwestern coast of Corfu is endangered by impacts from both western and southern directions. Such impacts may comprise teletsunamis triggered in the Hellenic Trench or the Etna regions but may also be caused by local submarine landslides at the steeply sloping continental shelf directly west of Corfu. Our study builds a bridge between palaeotsunami-research conducted in the southern Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea and allows to better discriminate between the effects of teletsunamis and locally triggered events within one of the seismically most active regions in the eastern Mediterranean.","contactname":"P. Fisher","contactemail":"p.fischer@geo.uni-mainz.de","compiler_idsite":1079,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1079,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1079,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1079,"depth":0.5,"thicknessordimension":0.2,"evidencedescription":"A layer of fine, medium and locally coarse sand, rich in marine shell debris, was found intersecting the lagoonal mud, which indicates temporary shifts from quiescence to high-energetic depositional conditions. Lagoonal sediments below this coarser deposit clearly show characteristics of reworking processes. Beside grain size analyses, further stratigraphical characterization is delivered by magnetic susceptibility and the Ca/Fe ratio. High-energy deposits show minima of magnetic susceptibility and maxima of the Ca/Fe-ratio, both indicating the input of diamagnetic components and biogenic carbonate into the lagoonal environment. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":"Although chronostratigraphical data were not available, the authors speculate that the tsunami events detected in the records of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon are relatively young because they were found in comparatively shallow depth below present ground surface. Moreover, numerical simulations demonstrate the high vulnerability of the study lagoon with regard to tsunami inundation. They conclude that the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon is preferably affected by tsunami waves from a southern direction due to the southern bottleneck of the Gulf of Corfu. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench as local fault systems with vertical crust movements are not known from within the gulf.","event_idevent":1096,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1079,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Imbrication axis azimuth ;  A-axis elongation","typeofevidence_idevent":1079,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[19.9042,39.6068,19.9042,39.6068]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.93","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[19.9042,39.6068]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":93,"sitename":"Chalikiopoulou","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Corfù Island","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":39.60678101,"longitude":19.90415955,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.20999999,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":20,"timeall":null,"numofevents":6,"sitedescription":"The site is located at the northern fringe of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon.","sitenotes":"The Chalikiopoulou Lagoon located south-west of Corfu City, has a north-south extent of 2.2 km and a west-east extent of 1.4 km. The average water depth is less than 1m.","timestamp":"2016-11-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1079,"reference_idsite":1079,"authors":"Peter Fischer , Claudia Finkler, Björn Roman Röbke , Kalliopi Baika, Hanna Hadler, Timo Willershäuser, Diamanto Rigakou, Garoufalia Metallinou, Andreas Vött","title":"Impact of Holocene tsunamis detected in lagoonal environments on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece): Geomorphological, sedimentary andmicrofaunal evidence","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"401","issue":null,"pages":"8","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.019","abstract":"In this paper, we present for the first time geomorphological, sedimentary and microfaunal evidence of palaeotsunami impact on Corfu (Ionian Islands, Greece). The island of Corfu is located in an area of exceptional tectonic stress: towards the south, the African oceanic plate is being subducted underneath the Aegean plate, whereas towards the north, the Adriatic and European plates form a continental collision zone. Recent publications provide evidence of earthquake related co-seismic movements that potentially trigger extreme wave events as well as relative sea level fluctuations. In this context, we investigated two selected near-coast geological archives e the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon in the east and the Korission Lagoon in the southwest of Corfu Island. Our results clearly document that the eastern as well as the southwestern coasts of Corfu were repeatedly affected by palaeotsunami impact during the Holocene. With regard to the local topographical constellation and the recent geomorphodynamic potential of each study area, evidence of high-energy wave impact is based on the stratigraphical and microfaunal record of selected vibracoring sites as well as on numerical modelling results. It is concluded that the eastern coast of Corfu is preferably affected by high-energy wave impacts from a southern direction. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench. In contrast, the southwestern coast of Corfu is endangered by impacts from both western and southern directions. Such impacts may comprise teletsunamis triggered in the Hellenic Trench or the Etna regions but may also be caused by local submarine landslides at the steeply sloping continental shelf directly west of Corfu. Our study builds a bridge between palaeotsunami-research conducted in the southern Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea and allows to better discriminate between the effects of teletsunamis and locally triggered events within one of the seismically most active regions in the eastern Mediterranean.","contactname":"P. Fisher","contactemail":"p.fischer@geo.uni-mainz.de","compiler_idsite":1079,"name":"Alessandra","surname":"Smedile","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"alessandra.smedile@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1079,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1079,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1079,"depth":0.2,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"A layer of fine, medium and locally coarse sand, rich in marine shell debris, was found intersecting the lagoonal mud, which indicates temporary shifts from quiescence to high-energetic depositional conditions. Lagoonal sediments below this coarser deposit clearly show characteristics of reworking processes. Beside grain size analyses, further stratigraphical characterization is delivered by magnetic susceptibility and the Ca/Fe ratio. High-energy deposits show minima of magnetic susceptibility and maxima of the Ca/Fe-ratio, both indicating the input of diamagnetic components and biogenic carbonate into the lagoonal environment. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":"Although chronostratigraphical data were not available, the authors speculate that the tsunami events detected in the records of the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon are relatively young because they were found in comparatively shallow depth below present ground surface. Moreover, numerical simulations demonstrate the high vulnerability of the study lagoon with regard to tsunami inundation. They conclude that the Chalikiopoulou Lagoon is preferably affected by tsunami waves from a southern direction due to the southern bottleneck of the Gulf of Corfu. Such impacts are most likely related to teletsunamis from the major seismical zone of the Hellenic Trench as local fault systems with vertical crust movements are not known from within the gulf.","event_idevent":1097,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1079,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Imbrication axis azimuth ;  A-axis elongation","typeofevidence_idevent":1079,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[19.9042,39.6068,19.9042,39.6068]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.94","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-8.0752,37.0573]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":94,"sitename":"Carcavai","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Portugal","region":null,"province":"Algarve","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":500,"latitude":37.05730057,"longitude":-8.07520008,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":450,"timeall":8230,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the Carcavai rivulet estuary,  that  is oriented S -N and has a length of about 1,5 km and a wide of 0,5 km. Today, the estuary is separated from the open sea by an ephemeral sand barrier. ","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1080,"reference_idsite":1080,"authors":"Heike Schneider,  DanaHo fer, CarmenTrog, Stefanie Busch, Michael Schneider, Jussi Baade, Gerhard Daut, Roland Mausbacher ","title":"Holocene estuary development in the Algarve Region (Southern Portugal) – A reconstruction of sedimentological and ecological evolution","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"221","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2010,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2009.10.004","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618209003528","abstract":"This paper presents a reconstruction of the former coastal estuaries of the Quarteira and Carcavai estuaries in southern Portugal based on sedimentological, geochemical and palynological analyses of Holocene sediment cores. The results show that each estuary developed differently, depending on the morphology of the palaeovalley, environmental conditions and especially the influence of the sea and the formation of barrier systems. Both estuaries were flooded between 7000 and 5500 cal BP by sea level rise and were almost completely filled by sediment by the beginning of the Roman occupation (226 BC/ 2176 cal BP). A clear change in sedimentological processes is evident in both estuaries between 5500 and 3000 cal BP and is interpreted as an erosion phase or evidence of high-energy events such as storms or tsunamis.","contactname":"H. Schneider ","contactemail":"heike.schneider@uni-jena.de","compiler_idsite":1080,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1080,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1080,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1080,"depth":1.13999999,"thicknessordimension":0.12,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a sand layer that interrupts the fine-grained sedimentation. This layer is evident in several cores and is reflected in the local pollen diagram by peaks in upper marsh species and foraminifera remains.","labyoungestagelya":306,"lyastddev":59,"youngestcalagemin":1450,"youngestcalagemax":1796,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"The youngest age derives from radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating was performed on a charcoal sample collected above the tsunami layer. Authors relate this deposit to the strong tsunami of 1755.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1098,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1080,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Hydrodynamic considerations  (Tinti et al., 2000)","typeofevidence_idevent":1080,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-8.0752,37.0573,-8.0752,37.0573]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.95","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-8.1524,37.0948]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":95,"sitename":"Quarteira","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Portugal","region":"Quarteira","province":"Algarve","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":1500,"latitude":37.09479904,"longitude":-8.15240002,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":9,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":4600,"timeall":8000,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the Quarteira rivulet estuary,  that  is oriented NW-SE and has a length of 5 km and a maximum thickness of 2 km. The present channel is 300 m wide. Today, the estuary is separated from the open sea by an ephemeral sand barrier. In addition, the western part of the Quarteira estuary is protected by a cliff, up to 15 m high, consisting of Quaternary red sandstones and gravels","sitenotes":"The orientation of the Quarteira estuary is tectonically controlled by the Sao Marcos-Quarteira fault, an important dextral strike-slip fault in the Algarve basin, which is still active.","timestamp":"2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1081,"reference_idsite":1081,"authors":"Heike Schneider,  DanaHo fer, CarmenTrog, Stefanie Busch, Michael Schneider, Jussi Baade, Gerhard Daut, Roland Mausbacher ","title":"Holocene estuary development in the Algarve Region (Southern Portugal) – A reconstruction of sedimentological and ecological evolution","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"221","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2010,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2009.10.004","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618209003528","abstract":"This paper presents a reconstruction of the former coastal estuaries of the Quarteira and Carcavai estuaries in southern Portugal based on sedimentological, geochemical and palynological analyses of Holocene sediment cores. The results show that each estuary developed differently, depending on the morphology of the palaeovalley, environmental conditions and especially the influence of the sea and the formation of barrier systems. Both estuaries were flooded between 7000 and 5500 cal BP by sea level rise and were almost completely filled by sediment by the beginning of the Roman occupation (226 BC/ 2176 cal BP). A clear change in sedimentological processes is evident in both estuaries between 5500 and 3000 cal BP and is interpreted as an erosion phase or evidence of high-energy events such as storms or tsunamis.","contactname":"H. Schneider ","contactemail":"heike.schneider@uni-jena.de","compiler_idsite":1081,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1081,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1081,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1081,"depth":2.20000005,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a deposit located on the banks of Quarteira rivulet. This deposit contains coarse sand, small gravels and marine shells (e.g. C. edule).","labyoungestagelya":480,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":1400,"youngestcalagemax":1460,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"The youngest age derives from radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating was performed on a charcoal sample collected above the tsunami layer. Authors relate this deposit to the strong tsunami of 1755.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1099,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1081,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Hydrodynamic considerations  (Tinti et al., 2000)","typeofevidence_idevent":1081,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-8.1524,37.0948,-8.1524,37.0948]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.96","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-8.1524,37.0948]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":96,"sitename":"Quarteira","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Portugal","region":"Quarteira","province":"Algarve","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":1500,"latitude":37.09479904,"longitude":-8.15240002,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":9,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":4600,"timeall":8000,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the Quarteira rivulet estuary,  that  is oriented NW-SE and has a length of 5 km and a maximum thickness of 2 km. The present channel is 300 m wide. Today, the estuary is separated from the open sea by an ephemeral sand barrier. In addition, the western part of the Quarteira estuary is protected by a cliff, up to 15 m high, consisting of Quaternary red sandstones and gravels","sitenotes":"The orientation of the Quarteira estuary is tectonically controlled by the Sao Marcos-Quarteira fault, an important dextral strike-slip fault in the Algarve basin, which is still active.","timestamp":"2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1081,"reference_idsite":1081,"authors":"Heike Schneider,  DanaHo fer, CarmenTrog, Stefanie Busch, Michael Schneider, Jussi Baade, Gerhard Daut, Roland Mausbacher ","title":"Holocene estuary development in the Algarve Region (Southern Portugal) – A reconstruction of sedimentological and ecological evolution","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"221","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2010,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2009.10.004","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618209003528","abstract":"This paper presents a reconstruction of the former coastal estuaries of the Quarteira and Carcavai estuaries in southern Portugal based on sedimentological, geochemical and palynological analyses of Holocene sediment cores. The results show that each estuary developed differently, depending on the morphology of the palaeovalley, environmental conditions and especially the influence of the sea and the formation of barrier systems. Both estuaries were flooded between 7000 and 5500 cal BP by sea level rise and were almost completely filled by sediment by the beginning of the Roman occupation (226 BC/ 2176 cal BP). A clear change in sedimentological processes is evident in both estuaries between 5500 and 3000 cal BP and is interpreted as an erosion phase or evidence of high-energy events such as storms or tsunamis.","contactname":"H. Schneider ","contactemail":"heike.schneider@uni-jena.de","compiler_idsite":1081,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1081,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1081,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1081,"depth":3.42000008,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a coarse – grained layer exposed along the riverbanks at 5.43 m msl and 3.42 m below the ground level. The section is characterized by large, well rounded pebbles and both fragments and preserved valvae of O. edulis","labyoungestagelya":2450,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":-770,"youngestcalagemax":-400,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"The youngest age derives from radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating was performed on a charcoal sample collected above the tsunami layer.  According to the radiocarbon age, this event is probably correlated to the tsunami events described by Ruize al., 2005. The first historically documented tsunamis occurred at about 2168–2166 cal BP and 2160–2159 cal BP  (Galbis, 1932, 1940, cited in Ruiz et al., 2005). Ruiz et al., 2005 refer to a chronological discrepancy in dating this layer, which shows an age between 2400 and 2250 cal BP. These results are in agreement with this data and suggest a tsunamigenic interpretation for this layer.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1100,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1081,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Hydrodynamic considerations  (Tinti et al., 2000)","typeofevidence_idevent":1081,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-8.1524,37.0948,-8.1524,37.0948]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.97","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-8.8888,38.4755]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":97,"sitename":"Tróia Peninsula","yearinvestigationfrom":2009,"yearinvestigationto":2012,"country":"Portugal","region":"Setúbal","province":"Setúbal","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":2000,"latitude":38.4754982,"longitude":-8.88879967,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":1000,"timeall":3050,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site refers to an estuary mouth that consists of a 2 km wide inlet confined to the north by the Arrábida chain, a W-E rocky promontory, and to the south by the spit end of the sandy Tróia peninsula. Considering that Tróia peninsula is mainly built by marine, estuarine and aeolian sandy deposits, large-scale erosion due to the impact of the large tsunami may have occur in the peninsula.","sitenotes":"The site refers to river Sado estuary which sedimentary coastal barrier was morphologically altered by the 1755 tsunami (Rebêlo et al, 2013). A tsunami wave approaching from SW or WSW, as modeled by the different hypothesized epicenters, would suffer a funnel effect in the estuary mouth due to the configuration of the present shoreline. ","timestamp":"2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1082,"reference_idsite":1082,"authors":"Luís Rebêlo, Susana Costas, Pedro Brito, Marco Ferraz, M. Isabel Prudêncio and Christopher","title":"Imprints of the 1755 tsunami in the Tróia Peninsula shoreline, Portugal","publication":"Journal of Coastal Research","volume":"65","issue":null,"pages":"6","year":2013,"doi":"10.2112/SI65-138.1","url":"http://ics2013.org/papers/Paper4430_rev.pdf","abstract":"A large earthquake shook the offshore of Portugal in November 1st 1755 with an estimated magnitude of 8.5±0.3 in the Richter scale. It led to the massive destruction of the city of Lisbonfollowed by intense fires. Although most of the detailed consequences of the earthquake and tsunami focused in Lisbon, the effect of tsunami destruction was also reported in other locations along the Iberian Peninsula coast and Morocco. At Setúbal, located 30 km to the south of Lisbon in the Sado estuary, evidences of inundation were also documented, reporting wave heights that reached the first floor height. Despite the magnitude of the inundation in the interior of the estuary, there has not been reported any evidence of the impact of this event on the estuarine shorelines. In order to understand the consequences of such a wave on the sandy shores of the region, we explore the inlet shoreline and seaward exposed region of the estuary, the Tróia peninsula. To do so, we integrate multiple types of data and information: dune ridge position were extracted from aerial photographs, shorelines from the historical maps, shoreline progradation rates, Ground Penetrating Radar profiles and optically stimulated dating of barrier sediments. This information allows us to reconstruct the shoreline following the tsunami, documenting a greater impact towards the inlet where the water flow concentrate as it entered the estuary. The impact of the tsunami in Tróia peninsula translates on the erosion of about 1000 years of barrier deposits within the spit end.","contactname":"Luis Rebêlo","contactemail":"luis.rebelo@lneg.pt","compiler_idsite":1082,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1082,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"peninsula","typeofsite_idsite":1082,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1082,"depth":3,"thicknessordimension":1.5,"evidencedescription":"The tsunami wave approaching from SW or WSW had a significant impact on the oceanic part of the peninsula in terms of erosion and reshaping the coastline.Two curvilinear indentations were generated in the coast as a consequence of more focused wave action. The southern indentation is geographically related with the merging of the southeast edge of the River Sado ebb-tide delta sand body with the peninsula. The combination of the underwater morphology and the orientation of the peninsula should have been responsible for increased localized erosion, making plausible a coastal retreat in that sector. The northern indentation should have been the result of the strong erosion generated by the water flow entering the estuary due to the funnel effect created by narrow estuary mouth. Post-tsunami coastlines were 240m distant, in the south indentation, and 930m distant, in the northern indentation, from the 2005 coastline. Assuming that the pre-tsunami and present day coastlines were both in equilibrium, the post-tsunami coastline progradation may give an indication about the coastline retreat and sediment quantity removed due to the tsunami. Several indicators point to the possibility that the tsunami wave has breached the barrier and invaded the Caldeira lagoon, namely: a) Breaching in the northern part of the Caldeira bordering dune; b) A flat sand deposit inside the lagoon at the back of that breach; c) Erosion on northern margin of the lagoon facing the ocean;d) Post-tsunami dune activity on top of sediments approximately 875 years older than the dunes. Although typical tsunamigenic sediments were still not found, morphological, stratigraphic and dating evidences shows that the 1755 tsunami had a strong impact on eroding and reshaping the Tróia Peninsula coast. The results document an erosion of a approximately 900 years of sedimentary history near the northern tip and 400 years in the southern indentation. (Rebêloet al, 2013)","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":1800,"youngestcalagemax":30,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":1360,"oldestcalagemax":30,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"Dune dating was achieved by (1) indirect methods, assuming the position of the active foredune in a particular dataset (aerial photography, ortophotomap or map) or (2) by dating the age when the sand was buried, using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Sample locations were previously identified in the GPR profiles and by dune morphology analysis.","eventnotes":"The observation of the historical maps and its comparison with the present ones, seems to corroborate the hypothesis that the “the tsunami provoked discontinuous erosion along the coastal barrier with two major indentations” (Rebêlo et al, 2013). The GPR images indicate that “the erosional scarp corresponds to an erosive bounding surface showing high amplitudes and continuity” (Rebêlo et al, 2013). ","event_idevent":1101,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1082,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"geomorphological considerations","typeofevidence_idevent":1082,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-8.8888,38.4755,-8.8888,38.4755]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.98","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-8.8967,37.0429]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":98,"sitename":"Praia do Barranco North","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Portugal","region":"Vila do Bispo","province":"Algarve\t","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":50,"latitude":37.04290009,"longitude":-8.89669991,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":205,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Barranco Beach is located at the mouth of the Benaçoitão valley that consists of a canyon with very steep debris-covered slopes at their toe cut in resistant Jurassic limestones. Several sub-angular limestone boulders and megaclasts occur at the base of the inland valley slopes. These show no evidence of marine bioerosion or sculpturing, although their surfaces are pitted by micro-karstic dissolution features caused by rainwater retention and weathering. The stream channel is incised into floodplain deposits to a maximum depth of 1.6m below surface. The channel floor is locally developed in bedrock and also in coarse gravel. Closer to the beach, the stream sediments are mixed and covered by beach cobbles and sand and locally covered by aeolian sand.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1084,"reference_idsite":1084,"authors":"P. Costa, C. Andrade, M. C. Freitas, M. A. Oliveira, C. M. da Silva, R. Omira, R. Taborda, M. A. Baptista and A. G. Dawson","title":"Boulder deposition during major tsunami events","publication":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"36","issue":"15","pages":"15","year":2011,"doi":"10.1002/esp.2228","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.2228/abstract","abstract":"A remarkable accumulation of marine boulders located above the present spring tide level has occurred in two coastal lowlands of the Algarve (Portugal). The size-interval of the particles studied here is seldom reported in the literature in association with extreme events of coastal inundation, thus making this study of relevance to many other coasts worldwide. The spreads of boulders extend several hundred meters inland and well beyond the present landward limit of storm activity. The marine origin of the boulders is demonstrated by well-developed macro-bioerosion sculpturing and in situ skeletal remains of endolithic shallow marine bivalves. The good state preservation of the fossils within the boulders indicates that abrasion during transport and redeposition was not significant. We envisage boulder deposition as having taken place during the Lisbon tsunami of ad 1755 through the simultaneous landward entrainment of coarse particles from nearshore followed by rapid shoreward suspended-dominated transport and non-graded redeposition that excluded significant sorting by weight or boulder dimensions. We use numerical hydrodynamic modeling of tsunami (and storm) waves to test the observational data on boulder dimensions (density, size, distribution) on the most likely processes of sediment deposition. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the study of boulder deposits in tsunami reconstruction.","contactname":"Pedro J. M. Costa","contactemail":"ppcosta@fc.ul.pt","compiler_idsite":1084,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1084,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1084,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1084,"depth":0.40000001,"thicknessordimension":0.15000001,"evidencedescription":"In the trenches excavated in the alluvial plain of Barranco it was possible to detect at approximately 0.40 m below surface a 0.15 m-thick quartz sandy unit with fragmented marine shells, and embedded within this sand, isolated boulders with marine sculpturing were found, together with large gastropod shells. The top 0.40 m of the stratigraphic column is composed of alternating muddy and sandy laminae whereas the base (0.55–1.50 m) is composed of a distinct sequence of grey and brown clayey silt with occasional coarser pebbles of fluvial facies.","labyoungestagelya":340,"lyastddev":30,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"In order to constrain the sandy unit, one marine shell of Cabestana cutacea detected in the top of the alluvial stratigraphic sequence of Praia do Barranco, was dated using AMS radiocarbon dating (Beta Analytic Inc.). Notwithstanding the raw radiocarbon laboratory results may suggest a post-bomb age for the specimen, the results adequate to discuss radiocarbon ages (conventional ages, corrected for carbon fractioning) are consistent and point to a similar short age spanning the early eighteenth century. Radiometric dating of the dated shell is consistent with deposition by the Lisbon tsunami of November 1, AD 1755.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1103,"dating_idevent":1084,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1084,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"hydrodynamic,  measurements on each boulder","typeofevidence_idevent":1084,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-8.8967,37.0429,-8.8967,37.0429]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.99","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-8.8545,37.0558]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":99,"sitename":"Praia das Furnas","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Portugal","region":"Vila do Bispo","province":"Algarve\t","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":20,"latitude":37.05580139,"longitude":-8.85449982,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":4,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":250,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Furnas is a sandy beach located at the seaward edge of a narrow alluvial plain (Vale Pocilgão) that occurs 4m above m.s.l.. The valley is canyon-shaped with steep slopes cut in Lower to Middle Jurassic limestones, marls and dolomites. The stream is cut through c. 2m of alluvial sediments. The bottom of the stream channel is covered with poorly-sorted sandy gravel with numerous limestone and greywacke pebbles. Furnas beach is characterized by a 120m wide berm and washover area that rests upon alluvial deposits at its landward edge. The beach is flanked to the northeast by a climbing dune that also covers part of the floodplain deposit. Here, abundant boulders of different shapes and sizes form a roughly triangular-shaped deposit containing both fluviatile and marine-derived debris, some of the latter exhibiting evidence of bioerosion and containing endolithic bivalve shells and extending c. 250m inland.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1085,"reference_idsite":1085,"authors":"P. Costa, C. Andrade, M. C. Freitas, M. A. Oliveira, C. M. da Silva, R. Omira, R. Taborda, M. A. Baptistaand A. G. Dawson","title":"Boulder deposition during major tsunami events","publication":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"36","issue":"15","pages":"15","year":2001,"doi":"10.1002/esp.2228","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.2228/abstract","abstract":"A remarkable accumulation of marine boulders located above the present spring tide level has occurred in two coastal lowlands of the Algarve (Portugal). The size-interval of the particles studied here is seldom reported in the literature in association with extreme events of coastal inundation, thus making this study of relevance to many other coasts worldwide. The spreads of boulders extend several hundred meters inland and well beyond the present landward limit of storm activity. The marine origin of the boulders is demonstrated by well-developed macro-bioerosion sculpturing and in situ skeletal remains of endolithic shallow marine bivalves. The good state preservation of the fossils within the boulders indicates that abrasion during transport and redeposition was not significant. We envisage boulder deposition as having taken place during the Lisbon tsunami of ad 1755 through the simultaneous landward entrainment of coarse particles from nearshore followed by rapid shoreward suspended-dominated transport and non-graded redeposition that excluded significant sorting by weight or boulder dimensions. We use numerical hydrodynamic modeling of tsunami (and storm) waves to test the observational data on boulder dimensions (density, size, distribution) on the most likely processes of sediment deposition. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the study of boulder deposits in tsunami reconstruction.","contactname":"Pedro J. M. Costa","contactemail":"ppcosta@fc.ul.pt","compiler_idsite":1085,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1085,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1085,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1085,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":1.60000002,"evidencedescription":"In the Furnas area, the boulders are located at a mean height of 3.4m above m.s.l. and between 95–250m from the coastline; they exhibit an a-axis smaller than 1m (except two boulders – P9 and P16) and are generally less than 150 kg (except four boulders – P3, P9, P13 and P16). The heaviest boulder weighs more than one ton and is located c. 155m inland. The majority of the boulders are rounded and made of limestone mostly from the adjacent slopes. Some have pitted surfaces within which occur intact bivalve shells.","labyoungestagelya":360,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"In order to constrain an age for the movement of the boulders, one marine shell of Petricola lithophaga embedded in a boulder was selected and dated using AMS radiocarbon dating (Beta Analytic Inc.). The selected shell showed paired valves in living position and was in a good state of preservation inside their borings. Notwithstanding the raw radiocarbon laboratory results may suggest a post-bomb age, the results adequate to discuss radiocarbon ages (conventional ages, corrected for carbon fractioning) are consistent and point to a similar short age spanning early seventeenth century for Furnas sample. Radiometric dating of shell material on boulders is consistent with deposition by the Lisbon tsunami of November 1, AD 1755. This study also suggests that Nott (2003) approaches underestimate the wave energy required to provide boulder movement under storm wave activity. In contrast, a fair agreement was found in the threshold velocities required to initiate transport of boulders studied in Furnas lowland yielded by numerical modeling of the AD 1755 tsunami inundation and predicted for the sliding/rolling modes of transport derived from Nandasensa et al. 2011.","eventnotes":"The boulder accumulations in the Furnas lowland appears to have been entrained landward from sources in the shallow nearshore, less than 5m water depth. The preservation of the shell material in bioerosional borings on boulder surfaces indicates that the debris were entrained from the sea floor and rapidly transported without significant abrasion out before re-deposition up to 300m inland. The boulders exhibit a spatial trend compatible with decreasing energy landwards, there are many more ‘bored’ clasts in areas closer to the coast, but no changes in orientation with distance landward have been found. These results are consistent with their lifting from a shallow marine environment followed by transport inland by suspension, excluding size selection, and indicate that deposition was essentially a non-gradational process.","event_idevent":1104,"dating_idevent":1085,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1085,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"hydrodynamic, measurements on each boulder","typeofevidence_idevent":1085,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-8.8545,37.0558,-8.8545,37.0558]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.100","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-8.9282,37.0202]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":100,"sitename":"Martinhal","yearinvestigationfrom":1999,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Portugal","region":"Sagres","province":"Algarve\t","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":150,"latitude":37.02019882,"longitude":-8.92819977,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":400,"timeall":4333,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Martinhal is situated on the southern Algarve coast of Portugal, 3 km east of Cape Saint Vincent. The area consists of a small triangular shaped flat-floored estuarine valley separated from the sea by dunes and a sand beach. The valley is formed by two small streams, cutting into the upper Jurassic limestone. The larger of the two streams, Barranco das Mós enters the valley from the west where it has deposited a small alluvial fan. In the lowland a saltmarsh has formed, which dries out in the summer and is periodically flooded by river water during the winter.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-02-07T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1086,"reference_idsite":1086,"authors":"S. Kortekaas, A.G. Dawson","title":"Distinguishing tsunami and storm deposits: An example from Martinhal, SW Portugal ","publication":"Sedimentary Geology","volume":"200","issue":null,"pages":"14","year":2007,"doi":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.01.004","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037073807000206","abstract":"Geological identification of past tsunamis is important for risk assessment studies, especially in areas where the historical record is limited or absent. The main problem when using the geological evidence is to distinguish between tsunami and storm deposits. Both are high-energy events that may leave marine traces in coastal stratigraphic sequences. At Martinhal, SW Portugal both storm surge and tsunami deposits are present at the same site within a single stratigraphic sequence, which makes it suitable to study the differences between them, excluding variations caused by local factors. The tsunami associated with the Lisbon earthquake of November 1st 1755 AD, had a major impact on the geomorphology and sedimentary record of the Martinhal bay. It breached the barrier and laid down an extensive sheet of sand, as described in eyewitness reports. Besides, the tsunami deposit the stratigraphy of Martinhal also displays evidence for storm surges that have breached and overtopped the barrier, flooding the lowland and leaving sand layers. Both marine-derived flood deposits show similar grain size characteristics and distinctive marine foraminifera. The most important differences are the rip-up clasts and boulders exclusively found in the tsunami deposit and the landward extent of the tsunami deposit that everywhere exceeds that of the storm deposits. Identification of both depositional units was only possible using a collection of different data and extensive stratigraphical information from cores as well as trenches.","contactname":"S. Kortekaas","contactemail":"s.kortekaas@fugro.nl ","compiler_idsite":1086,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1086,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1086,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1086,"depth":0.40000001,"thicknessordimension":0.22,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a coarse to very coarse sand layer. This layer contains marine foraminifera, large boulders and an erosive contact at the bottom. In addition this peculiar layer becomes finer and thinner inland. These characteristics confirm a marine source.","labyoungestagelya":74,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":1876,"youngestcalagemax":1966,"laboldestage":397,"loastddev":33,"oldestcalagemin":1565,"oldestcalagemax":1631,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"Samples from trench 1, located in the NE corner of the lowland, were sent for luminescence dating. The dating results are problematic. First of all, they are not in chronological order. The date obtained for the top stratigraphic unit (Unit 1) is older than the dates for unit 3. The two samples dated from the top and bottom of unit 2 also give reversed dates. If this is the sand layer deposited by the tsunami, the very old age of MRT 3 may be explained by the rapid deposition, not leaving enough time to bleach the sediment. This problem in luminescence dating of tsunami deposits has also been mentioned by others (e.g. Price et al., 1999).","eventnotes":"A major problem in studying the stratigraphy at the Martinhal site was the presence of several sand layers.It proved very difficult to distinguish between thetsunami deposit and the storm deposits, especially inthe cores, but also in some of the trenches. Results of the stratigraphical investigations show that the tsunamideposit extends much farther inland than any of theother sand layers.","event_idevent":1105,"dating_idevent":1086,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1086,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"hydrodynamic, measurements on each boulder","typeofevidence_idevent":1086,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-8.9282,37.0202,-8.9282,37.0202]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.101","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-8.81,37.0701]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":101,"sitename":"Boca do Rio","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1994,"country":"Portugal","region":"Budens","province":"Algarve\t","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":500,"latitude":37.07009888,"longitude":-8.81000042,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":1000,"timeall":2000,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The area of Boca do Rio is a small lowland located within an otherwise cliffed coastal segment of the Algarve coast. The coastal cliffs are cut in lower Cretaceous limestones and marls that also outcrop approximately 2.5 km farther north. The lowland consists of a flat-floored valley, surrounded by steep slopes, that corresponds with a N-S trending fault along the western valley side. Approximately 1 km inland it divides into three tributaries.","sitenotes":"The lowland area consists of a supratidal floodplain that is periodically subject to extensive river flooding. The area is separated from the sea by a storm beach ridge and a rock spur that together present a barrier to wave-overtopping during storms.","timestamp":"2017-02-08T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1087,"reference_idsite":1087,"authors":"Dawson A.G., Hindson R., Andrade C., Freitas C., Parish R. and Bateman M.\t\t","title":"Tsunami sedimentation associated with the Lisbon earthquake of 1 November AD 1755: Boca do Rio, Algarve, Portugal","publication":"The Holocene ","volume":"5","issue":null,"pages":"7","year":1995,"doi":"10.1177/095968369500500208","url":"http://hol.sagepub.com/content/5/2/209.abstract","abstract":"A description is given of a distinctive marine deposit at Boca do Rio on the Algarve coast of Portugal. It is proposed here that the sediment accumulation was deposited by the tsunami generated by the Lisbon earthquake of 1 November, AD 1755. The deposit exhibits sedimentary characteristics quite unlike other coastal sediment accumulations that are deposited by more moderate wave régimes. These include laterally continuous sand layers, chaotic pebble horizons, large amounts of gravel-sized shell debris and distinctive assemblages of marine microfossils. A preliminary attempt is made here to use the empirical field and laboratory data to define more clearly the processes of coastal sedimentation that characterize tsunami run-up. The use of tsunami sediments as time synchronous marker horizons is also discussed.","contactname":"César Andrade","contactemail":"candrade@fc.ul.pt","compiler_idsite":1087,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1087,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"supra tidal flood plain","typeofsite_idsite":1087,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1087,"depth":0.69999999,"thicknessordimension":0.40000001,"evidencedescription":"This unit represents a major change in the pattern of former coastal deposition. Sediment deposition appears to have been associated with a dramatic increase in hydraulic energy when compared with that of the underlying and overlying silts and clays. The chaotic nature of the deposit and the evidence for the erosion of the underlying sediments suggest the occurrence of a high-magnitude marine inundation. Furthermore, the presence of clay intraclasts derived from the underlying sediments is further evidence for strong erosive currents while the overall fining-upwards of grain size is consistent with other published descriptions of deposits laid down by tsunamis.","labyoungestagelya":260,"lyastddev":60,"youngestcalagemin":1675,"youngestcalagemax":1795,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":0,"oldestcalagemax":120,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"The youngest age derives from a sand sample dated by thermoluminescence. The oldest age derives from radiocarbon dating, performed on an organic matter sample collected below the tsunami layer. It is possible to relate this layer to the strong tsunami of 1755 AD.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1106,"dating_idevent":1087,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1087,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"hydrodynamic, measurements on each boulder","typeofevidence_idevent":1087,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"No","transportedblock":"Yes","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-8.81,37.0701,-8.81,37.0701]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.126","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[6.2461,62.4345]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":126,"sitename":"Klingrevatnet","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Sula","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":62.43450165,"longitude":6.24609995,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5.5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":9950,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"4.5 m below sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1115,"reference_idsite":1115,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1115,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1115,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1115,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1115,"depth":5.26999998,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"Fining-upwards coarse sand to fine gravel, with shell fragments and plant fragments in lacustrine mud","labyoungestagelya":7175,"lyastddev":75,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":8220,"loastddev":90,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1132,"dating_idevent":1115,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1115,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1115,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[6.2461,62.4345,6.2461,62.4345]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.102","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-8.3318,37.0958]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":102,"sitename":"Lagoa dos Salgados","yearinvestigationfrom":2009,"yearinvestigationto":2012,"country":"Portugal","region":"Armação de Pêra","province":"Algarve\t","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":500,"latitude":37.09579849,"longitude":-8.33180046,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":800,"timeall":6930,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The Salgados lowland is located in a bay between Armação de Pêra and Galé. This coast features a 6 km long intermediate-reflective sand beach backed by a 3 to 17 m high vegetated multiple dune ridge, the latter covering cemented Pleistocene–Holocene aeolianites and beachrock (Moura et al., 2007; Pereira and Soares, 1994; Pinto and Teixeira, 2002). The continuity of the beach-dune system is interrupted by the ephemeral inlets of two infilled lagoons (Alcantarilha and Salgados), that collect water and sediment delivered by the Alcantarilha stream and the Salgados and Espiche streams.","sitenotes":"The Salgados lowland covers an area of 1.5 km2 with the eastern part having been reclaimed and landfilled for a golf course. The remaining area is a flat-floored lagoon the bottom developing between 1.1 and 1.7 m above mean sea level, usually covered by a 1 m water column. ","timestamp":"2017-02-09T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1088,"reference_idsite":1088,"authors":"PJM Costa, C Andrade, MC Freitas, MA Oliveira, V Lopes, AG Dawson, J Moreno, F Fatela and J-M Jouanneau","title":"A tsunami record in the sedimentary archive of the central Algarve coast, Portugal: Characterizing sediment, reconstructing sources and inundation paths","publication":"The Holocene","volume":"22","issue":"8","pages":"16","year":2012,"doi":"10.1177/0959683611434227","url":"http://hol.sagepub.com/content/22/8/899.abstract","abstract":"This study describes sedimentation associated with the tsunami generated by the Lisbon earthquake of ad 1755. It is argued here that the tsunami deposited a sand sheet across the Lagoa dos Salgados (central Algarve, Portugal), that is intercalated with late-Holocene estuarine/lagoonal sediments. A wide range of proxies (sedimentological, exoscopic and palaeontological) are used to establish the provenance of the sandy material as well as to constrain the age of the deposit. Stratigraphic criteria are used to distinguish the uniqueness of the event layer. Exoscopic and textural analysis suggest that the source of the event deposit is mainly the dune, beach and underlying layer. Micropaleontological analysis (Foraminifera) indicates a conspicuous increase in diversity and dominance of marine species within the event sediment sheet. The spatial characteristics of the tsunami layer suggests that the barrier prevented widespread overtopping by the incoming tsunami allowing inference of c. 10 m as maximum height at the coast; they also indicate the inlet as the preferential route for both water and sediment transported inland. Dating results (14C, 210Pb and 137Cs) allow extrapolation of an age of deposition compatible with the ad 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami, the most devastating event that affected this coastal area in historical times. Correlations with similar deposits detected in nearby lowlands strengthen the argument that the tsunami sediment layer represents a marker horizon in the coastal stratigraphy along the Portuguese Algarve coast. The stratigraphic uniqueness of this event might have implications in the establishment of millennial scale recurrence intervals for this type of high-energy marine inundation. ","contactname":"P.J.M. Costa","contactemail":"ppcosta@fc.ul.pt","compiler_idsite":1088,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1088,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1088,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1088,"depth":0.40000001,"thicknessordimension":0.79000002,"evidencedescription":"A peculiar deposit (unit E) detected in the late-Holocene sedimentary record of the Lagoa dos Salgados is characterized by a group of sedimentological features that are in agreement with many of the known published criteria to identify palaeotsunamis. It contrasts with the under- and overlying layers in being represented by a horizon of coarser sediment sandwiched between finer-grained sediments. It rests with unconformity on the underlying layer with an erosive contact and ablation of the top of the lower sediments. The Foraminifera content indicates a dominance of marine species throughout the sedimentary unit E, including open marine forms, and exhibits high diversity index values (α Fisher) characteristic of marine envi¬ronment, in contrast with assemblages from framing sediments. The exoscopic data point to unusual percussion marks scattered across individual grain surfaces and considered as indicative of multiple grain collisions during tsunami wave transport. Both microtextural and grain-size data suggest that most of the sediment in the tsunami deposit was sourced from adjacent beach and dune materials with smaller contribution from eroded underlying sediments. ","labyoungestagelya":1865,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":980,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":990,"oldestcalagemax":1160,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"The youngest age derives from the uppermost 0.35 m where it was calculated using Pb210 and Cs137 analysis. These results suggest that unit E is younger than 1865 AD.The oldest age derives from radiocarbon dating performed on a sample located below the unit E. The inferred age of the sediment unit is consistent with the late 18th century and indicate the AD 1 November 1755 tsunami as the most suitable candidate for the deposition of unit E within the top stratigraphic sequence of Lagoa dos Salgados.","eventnotes":"The spatial distribution of textural and geometric attributes of unit E suggests that the tsunamigenic waves and inundation entered the lagoonal space through the inlet instead of overtopping the dune field, thus constraining to about 10 m the maximum tsunami height at this coastal stretch. The sedimentological data preserved a distinct signa¬ture of the inflow but failed to register the subsequent outflow.The singular character of this record, in Lagoa dos Salgados and in nearby Martinhal and Boca do Rio lowlands, sug¬gests that the recurrence interval of similar high-magnitude events in the Algarve coast maybe of millennial timescale.","event_idevent":1107,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":null,"environmental":null,"geochemical":null,"magnetic":null,"micromorphological":null,"paleontological":null,"sedimentological":null,"x_ray":null,"typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":null,"geomorphology":null,"sediment":null,"transportedblock":null,"typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-8.3318,37.0958,-8.3318,37.0958]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.103","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.5695,35.5109]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":103,"sitename":"Phalasarna","yearinvestigationfrom":1986,"yearinvestigationto":1991,"country":"Greece","region":"Crete Isl.","province":"Chania, western Crete Isl","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":80,"latitude":35.51089859,"longitude":23.56949997,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":7,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":120,"timeall":2522,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"Phalasarna was a small port on the west coast of Crete close to a 100-m high rock cape, upon which the acropolis was built, today called Kutri. ","sitenotes":"Today, the ancient port of Phalasarna is a closed harbor, due to the regional uplift of west Crete. Now It’s located on dry land, about 6.6 m above sea level","timestamp":"2017-02-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1091,"reference_idsite":1091,"authors":"P. A. Pirazzoli, J. Ausseil-Badie, P. Giresse, E. Hadjidaki, M. Arnold","title":"Historical Environmental Changes at Phalasarna Harbor, West Crete","publication":"Geoarchaeology: an international journal","volume":"7","issue":"4","pages":"22","year":1992,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing archaeological excavations that started in 1986 on the site of the harbor of Phalasarna have confirmed that the ancient port described as a closed harbor by ancient geographers is, due to the regional uplift of west Crete, now situated on dry land, about 6.6 m above sea level. In this paper, after summarizing the geological background, the main historical sources and recent archaeological results, new stratigraphical data obtained from the sediments filling the harbor basin are presented and discussed. The harbor was fortified in the second part of the 4th century B.C. It was a military port, probably a base for pirates, and was destroyed and abandoned in the second part of the first century B.C. After that time the harbor basin was rapidly silted by marine then terrestrial sedimentation. Deposits corresponding to two tsunami waves have been identified and ascribed to events occurring in 66 A.D. and 365 A.D., respectively. About 1530 ± 40 yr B.P., probably in 365 A.D., when west Crete was suddenly uplifted by 6-9 m, Phalasarna harbor was removed permanently from marine influence. Radiometric dating confirms that the harbor could not have been in use in Roman times, in contradiction with ancient Periploi, which continue to mention Phalasarna port until at least the second or third century A.D.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1091,"name":"Ioanna","surname":"Triantafyllou","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"ioannatriantafyllou@yahoo.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1091,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1091,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":"Archaeological site","event_idsite":1091,"depth":1.10000002,"thicknessordimension":0.2,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer composed by more or less rounded blocks of different sizes ","labyoungestagelya":1820,"lyastddev":80,"youngestcalagemin":-54,"youngestcalagemax":137,"laboldestage":1810,"loastddev":80,"oldestcalagemin":-41,"oldestcalagemax":145,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":66,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on two samples of Hydrobia acuta and Cerastoderma glaucum located respectively above and below the tsunami layer. Authors suggest that the most reliable date is probably the Cerastoderma shell, whereas the Hydrobia sample may have been affected by partial mechanical reworking or freshening contamination and is therefore to be considered as indicative only. It was used a Delta R of – 80 ± 25 and a one sigma of standard deviation. This layer could be related to the 66 AD tsunami event.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1109,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1091,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"Yes","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)","typeofevidence_idevent":1091,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.5695,35.5109,23.5695,35.5109]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.104","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.5695,35.5109]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":104,"sitename":"Phalasarna","yearinvestigationfrom":1986,"yearinvestigationto":1991,"country":"Greece","region":"Crete Isl.","province":"Chania, western Crete Isl","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":80,"latitude":35.51089859,"longitude":23.56949997,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":7,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":120,"timeall":2522,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"Phalasarna was a small port on the west coast of Crete close to a 100-m high rock cape, upon which the acropolis was built, today called Kutri. ","sitenotes":"Today, the ancient port of Phalasarna is a closed harbor, due to the regional uplift of west Crete. Now It’s located on dry land, about 6.6 m above sea level","timestamp":"2017-02-15T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1091,"reference_idsite":1091,"authors":"P. A. Pirazzoli, J. Ausseil-Badie, P. Giresse, E. Hadjidaki, M. Arnold","title":"Historical Environmental Changes at Phalasarna Harbor, West Crete","publication":"Geoarchaeology: an international journal","volume":"7","issue":"4","pages":"22","year":1992,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing archaeological excavations that started in 1986 on the site of the harbor of Phalasarna have confirmed that the ancient port described as a closed harbor by ancient geographers is, due to the regional uplift of west Crete, now situated on dry land, about 6.6 m above sea level. In this paper, after summarizing the geological background, the main historical sources and recent archaeological results, new stratigraphical data obtained from the sediments filling the harbor basin are presented and discussed. The harbor was fortified in the second part of the 4th century B.C. It was a military port, probably a base for pirates, and was destroyed and abandoned in the second part of the first century B.C. After that time the harbor basin was rapidly silted by marine then terrestrial sedimentation. Deposits corresponding to two tsunami waves have been identified and ascribed to events occurring in 66 A.D. and 365 A.D., respectively. About 1530 ± 40 yr B.P., probably in 365 A.D., when west Crete was suddenly uplifted by 6-9 m, Phalasarna harbor was removed permanently from marine influence. Radiometric dating confirms that the harbor could not have been in use in Roman times, in contradiction with ancient Periploi, which continue to mention Phalasarna port until at least the second or third century A.D.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":1091,"name":"Ioanna","surname":"Triantafyllou","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"ioannatriantafyllou@yahoo.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1091,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1091,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":"Archaeological site","event_idsite":1091,"depth":0.5,"thicknessordimension":0.15000001,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer composed by more or less rounded blocks of different sizes","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":1820,"loastddev":80,"oldestcalagemin":-54,"oldestcalagemax":137,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":365,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating was performed on a shell of Hydrobia acuta, below the tsunami layer. In the calibration, it was used a Delta R of – 80 ± 25 and a one sigma of standard deviation. This layer could be related to the strong  July 21, 365 tsunami event.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1110,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1091,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"Yes","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)","typeofevidence_idevent":1091,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.5695,35.5109,23.5695,35.5109]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.105","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-8.8958,37.0422]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":105,"sitename":"Praia do Barranco South","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2010,"country":"Portugal","region":"Vila do Bispo","province":"Algarve","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":30,"latitude":37.04219818,"longitude":-8.89579964,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":150,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"Barranco Beach is located at the mouth of the Benaçoitão valley that consists of a canyon with very steep debris-covered slopes at their toe cut in resistant Jurassic limestones. Several sub-angular limestone boulders and megaclasts occur at the base of the inland valley slopes. These show no evidence of marine bioerosion or sculpturing, although their surfaces are pitted by micro-karstic dissolution features caused by rainwater retention and weathering. The stream channel is incised into floodplain deposits to a maximum depth of 1.6m below surface. The channel floor is locally developed in bedrock and also in coarse gravel. Closer to the beach, the stream sediments are mixed and covered by beach cobbles and sand and locally covered by aeolian sand.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-02-23T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1094,"reference_idsite":1094,"authors":"P. Costa, C. Andrade, M. C. Freitas, M. A. Oliveira, C. M. da Silva, R. Omira, R. Taborda, M. A. Baptista and A. G. Dawson","title":"Boulder deposition during major tsunami events","publication":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"36","issue":"15","pages":"15","year":2001,"doi":"10.1002/esp.2228","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.2228/abstract","abstract":"A remarkable accumulation of marine boulders located above the present spring tide level has occurred in two coastal lowlands of the Algarve (Portugal). The size-interval of the particles studied here is seldom reported in the literature in association with extreme events of coastal inundation, thus making this study of relevance to many other coasts worldwide. The spreads of boulders extend several hundred meters inland and well beyond the present landward limit of storm activity. The marine origin of the boulders is demonstrated by well-developed macro-bioerosion sculpturing and in situ skeletal remains of endolithic shallow marine bivalves. The good state preservation of the fossils within the boulders indicates that abrasion during transport and redeposition was not significant. We envisage boulder deposition as having taken place during the Lisbon tsunami of ad 1755 through the simultaneous landward entrainment of coarse particles from nearshore followed by rapid shoreward suspended-dominated transport and non-graded redeposition that excluded significant sorting by weight or boulder dimensions. We use numerical hydrodynamic modeling of tsunami (and storm) waves to test the observational data on boulder dimensions (density, size, distribution) on the most likely processes of sediment deposition. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the study of boulder deposits in tsunami reconstruction.","contactname":"Pedro J. M. Costa","contactemail":"ppcosta@fc.ul.pt","compiler_idsite":1094,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1094,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1094,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1094,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.92000002,"evidencedescription":"The scattered boulder accumulations at Barranco is located above the spring high-tide line. The marine provenance is suggested by imbrication of some of them and undoubtedly indicated by well-developed macro bioerosion sculpturing as well as marine structures ichnofossils such as clionaid sponges (Entobiai sp.) and boring bivalves (Gastrochaenolitesi sp.), as well as numerous in situ and well preserved skeletal remains of the endolithic shallow marine bivalve Petricola lithophaga inside their original borings.","labyoungestagelya":250,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"In order to constrain an age for the movement of the boulders, one marine shell of Petricola lithophaga embedded in a boulder was selected and dated using AMS radiocarbon dating (Beta Analytic Inc.). Notwithstanding the raw radiocarbon laboratory results may suggest a post-bomb age the results adequate to discuss radiocarbon ages (conventional ages, corrected for carbon fractioning) are consistent and point to a similar short age spanning the early eighteenth century.","eventnotes":"Radiometric dating of shell material on boulders is consistent with deposition by the Lisbon tsunamiof November 1, AD 1755. This study also suggests that Nott (2003) approaches underestimate the wave energy required to provide boulder movement understorm wave activity. In contrast, a fair agreement was foundin the threshold velocities required to initiate transport of boulders studied in Barranco lowland yielded by numerical modeling of the AD 1755 tsunami inundation andpredicted for the sliding/rolling modes of transport derived from Nandasensa et al. 2011.","event_idevent":1111,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1094,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"Yes","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1094,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-8.8958,37.0422,-8.8958,37.0422]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.127","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[5.6433,62.332]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":127,"sitename":"Kulturmyra","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Bergsoy","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":50,"latitude":62.33200073,"longitude":5.64330006,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2.5,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":8465,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"0.5 m below sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1116,"reference_idsite":1116,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. The methodology has been to core a staircase of lake basins above the contemporary sea level in several areas and to map the tsunami deposit to its maximum elevation. The tsunami was identified in the sedimentary record as an erosional unconformity overlain by graded or massive sand with shell fragments, followed by redeposited organic detritus. The greatest recorded runup along the coast (10–11 m above high tide) is found in areas most proximal to the Storegga slide scar on the Norwegian continental slope (Sunnmøre). To the north and south, runup is less, about 6–7 m at Bjugn (250 km north of Sunnmøre) and about 3–5 m in Austrheim (200 km to the south of Sunnmøre). This runup pattern supports the suggestion that the tsunami was generated by the Second Storegga Slide. The recorded runup heights are consistent within and between the investigated areas, and imply that the tsunami wave was not significantly influenced by the local topography, suggesting a very long wave length. The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1116,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1116,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1116,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1116,"depth":4.69999981,"thicknessordimension":0.5,"evidencedescription":"Three sand beds commonly graded separated by organic facies within gyttia or marine deposits","labyoungestagelya":8285,"lyastddev":185,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":8340,"loastddev":115,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1133,"dating_idevent":1116,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1116,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1116,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[5.6433,62.332,5.6433,62.332]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.106","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-0.9579,60.6923]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":106,"sitename":"Snarravoe","yearinvestigationfrom":2001,"yearinvestigationto":2002,"country":"Scotland","region":null,"province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":60.69229889,"longitude":-0.95789999,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.60000002,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1095,"reference_idsite":1095,"authors":"Bondevick, S., Mangerud, J., Dawson, S., Dawson, A., & Lohne, O.","title":"Evidence for three North Sea tsunamis at the Shetland Islands between 8000 and 1500 years ago","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"24","issue":null,"pages":"19","year":2005,"doi":"doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal fen- and lake deposits enclose sand layers that record at least three Holocene tsunamis at the Shetland Islands. The oldest is the well-known Storegga tsunami (ca 8100 cal yrBP), which at the Shetlands invaded coastal lakes and ran up peaty hillsides where it deposited sand layers up to 9.2 m above present high tide level. Because sea level at ca 8100 cal yr BP was at least 10-15 m below present day sea level, the runup exceeded 20 m. In two lakes, we also found deposits from a younger tsunami dated to ca 5500 cal yr BP. The sediment facies are similar to those of the Storegga tsunami rip-up clasts, sand layers, re-deposited material and marine diatoms. Runup was probably more than 10 m. Yet another sand layer in peat outcrops dates to ca 1500 cal yr BP. This sand layer thins and fines inland and was found at two sites 40 km apart and traced to ca 5-6 m above present high tide. The oldest tsunami was generated by the Storegga slide on the Norwegian continental slope. We do not know what triggered the two younger events.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1095,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1095,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1095,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1095,"depth":9,"thicknessordimension":0.2,"evidencedescription":"sand and gravel, silty rip-up clasts","labyoungestagelya":7065,"lyastddev":55,"youngestcalagemin":-6020,"youngestcalagemax":-5840,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1112,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1095,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"Yes","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1095,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-0.9579,60.6923,-0.9579,60.6923]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.107","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-1.3364,60.455]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":107,"sitename":"Sullom Voe","yearinvestigationfrom":2001,"yearinvestigationto":2002,"country":"Scotland","region":null,"province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":60.45500183,"longitude":-1.33640003,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":null,"timeall":10630,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1096,"reference_idsite":1096,"authors":"Bondevick, S., Mangerud, J., Dawson, S., Dawson, A., & Lohne, O.","title":"Evidence for three North Sea tsunamis at the Shetland Islands between 8000 and 1500 years ago","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"24","issue":null,"pages":"19","year":2005,"doi":"doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal fen- and lake deposits enclose sand layers that record at least three Holocene tsunamis at the Shetland Islands. The oldest is the well-known Storegga tsunami (ca 8100 cal yr BP), which at the Shetlands invaded coastal lakes and ran up peaty hillsides where it deposited sand layers up to 9.2 m above present high tide level. Because sea level at ca 8100 cal yr BP was at least 10-15 m below present day sea level, the runup exceeded 20 m. In two lakes, we also found deposits from a younger tsunami dated to ca 5500 cal yr BP. The sediment facies are similar to those of the Storegga tsunami rip-up clasts, sand layers, re-deposited material and marine diatoms. Runup was probably more than 10 m. Yet another sand layer in peat outcrops dates to ca 1500 cal yr BP. This sand layer thins and fines inland and was found at two sites 40 km apart and traced to ca 5-6 m above present high tide. The oldest tsunami was generated by the Storegga slide on the Norwegian continental slope. We do not know what triggered the two younger events.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1096,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1096,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1096,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1096,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.05,"evidencedescription":"medium to coarse sand in peat","labyoungestagelya":7025,"lyastddev":60,"youngestcalagemin":-6010,"youngestcalagemax":-5770,"laboldestage":7120,"loastddev":60,"oldestcalagemin":-6080,"oldestcalagemax":-5870,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1113,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1096,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"Yes","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1096,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-1.3364,60.455,-1.3364,60.455]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.108","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-1.3326,60.4631]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":108,"sitename":"Maggie Kettle's Loch","yearinvestigationfrom":2001,"yearinvestigationto":2002,"country":"Scotland","region":null,"province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":60.46310043,"longitude":-1.3326,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":9.19999981,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":8840,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1097,"reference_idsite":1097,"authors":"Bondevick, S., Mangerud, J., Dawson, S., Dawson, A., & Lohne, O.","title":"Evidence for three North Sea tsunamis at the Shetland Islands between 8000 and 1500 years ago","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"24","issue":null,"pages":"19","year":2005,"doi":"doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal fen- and lake deposits enclose sand layers that record at least three Holocene tsunamis at the Shetland Islands. The oldest is the well-known Storegga tsunami (ca 8100 cal yr BP), which at the Shetlands invaded coastal lakes and ran up peaty hillsides where it deposited sand layers up to 9.2 m above present high tide level. Because sea level at ca 8100 cal yr BP was at least 10-15 m below present day sea level, the runup exceeded 20 m. In two lakes, we also found deposits from a younger tsunami dated to ca 5500 cal yr BP. The sediment facies are similar to those of the Storegga tsunami rip-up clasts, sand layers, re-deposited material and marine diatoms. Runup was probably more than 10 m. Yet another sand layer in peat outcrops dates to ca 1500 cal yr BP. This sand layer thins and fines inland and was found at two sites 40 km apart and traced to ca 5-6 m above present high tide. The oldest tsunami was generated by the Storegga slide on the Norwegian continental slope. We do not know what triggered the two younger events.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1097,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1097,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1097,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1097,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"medium to coarse sand in peat","labyoungestagelya":6985,"lyastddev":50,"youngestcalagemin":-5920,"youngestcalagemax":-5740,"laboldestage":7375,"loastddev":65,"oldestcalagemin":-6390,"oldestcalagemax":-6160,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1114,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1097,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"Yes","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1097,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-1.3326,60.4631,-1.3326,60.4631]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.109","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-1.1504,60.2663]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":109,"sitename":"Garth Loch","yearinvestigationfrom":2001,"yearinvestigationto":2002,"country":"Scotland","region":null,"province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":60,"latitude":60.2663002,"longitude":-1.15040004,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":0.2,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":8260,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1098,"reference_idsite":1098,"authors":"Bondevick, S., Mangerud, J., Dawson, S., Dawson, A., & Lohne, O.","title":"Evidence for three North Sea tsunamis at the Shetland Islands between 8000 and 1500 years ago","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"24","issue":null,"pages":"19","year":2005,"doi":"doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal fen- and lake deposits enclose sand layers that record at least three Holocene tsunamis at the Shetland Islands. The oldest is the well-known Storegga tsunami (ca 8100 cal yr BP), which at the Shetlands invaded coastal lakes and ran up peaty hillsides where it deposited sand layers up to 9.2 m above present high tide level. Because sea level at ca 8100 cal yr BP was at least 10-15 m below present day sea level, the runup exceeded 20 m. In two lakes, we also found deposits from a younger tsunami dated to ca 5500 cal yr BP. The sediment facies are similar to those of the Storegga tsunami rip-up clasts, sand layers, re-deposited material and marine diatoms. Runup was probably more than 10 m. Yet another sand layer in peat outcrops dates to ca 1500 cal yr BP. This sand layer thins and fines inland and was found at two sites 40 km apart and traced to ca 5-6 m above present high tide. The oldest tsunami was generated by the Storegga slide on the Norwegian continental slope. 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The oldest is the well-known Storegga tsunami (ca 8100 cal yr BP), which at the Shetlands invaded coastal lakes and ran up peaty hillsides where it deposited sand layers up to 9.2 m above present high tide level. Because sea level at ca 8100 cal yr BP was at least 10-15 m below present day sea level, the runup exceeded 20 m. In two lakes, we also found deposits from a younger tsunami dated to ca 5500 cal yr BP. The sediment facies are similar to those of the Storegga tsunami rip-up clasts, sand layers, re-deposited material and marine diatoms. Runup was probably more than 10 m. Yet another sand layer in peat outcrops dates to ca 1500 cal yr BP. This sand layer thins and fines inland and was found at two sites 40 km apart and traced to ca 5-6 m above present high tide. The oldest tsunami was generated by the Storegga slide on the Norwegian continental slope. 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The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1105,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1105,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"Yes","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1105,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1105,"depth":8.47999954,"thicknessordimension":0.44999999,"evidencedescription":"Fining-upwards poorly sorted coarse sand/fine gravel with shell fragments in marine silt","labyoungestagelya":7490,"lyastddev":90,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1123,"dating_idevent":1105,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"No","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"Yes","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1105,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1105,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[6.275,62.4327,6.275,62.4327]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.118","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[5.6988,62.3266]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":118,"sitename":"Froystadmyra","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Lenoy","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":30,"latitude":62.32659149,"longitude":5.69881916,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":6.4000001,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":10000,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"1.5 m above sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1106,"reference_idsite":1106,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. 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The mapped runup estimates are in good agreement with a numerical model of the tsunami generated by the Second Storegga slide, and indicate that the slide was a single major event rather than a set of smaller slides.","contactname":"Stein Bondevik","contactemail":"stein.bondevik@ig.uit.no","compiler_idsite":1106,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1106,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1106,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1106,"depth":4.8499999,"thicknessordimension":0.30000001,"evidencedescription":"Several sand beds separated by organic detritus within lacustrine mud","labyoungestagelya":7615,"lyastddev":150,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":9020,"loastddev":155,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-6600,"preferredagemax":-5600,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1124,"dating_idevent":1106,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"Yes","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1106,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1106,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[5.6988,62.3266,5.6988,62.3266]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.119","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[4.9408,60.7564]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":119,"sitename":"Forlandsvatnet","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":1997,"country":"Norway","region":"Austreim","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":350,"latitude":60.75640106,"longitude":4.94080019,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":12,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":8185,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":null,"sitenotes":"1.5 m above sea level tsunami time","timestamp":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1107,"reference_idsite":1107,"authors":"Bondevik, S., Svendsen, J.I., Johnsen, G., Mangeraud, J., and Kaland, P.E.","title":"The Storegga tsunami along the Norwegian coast, its age and runup","publication":"Boreas","volume":"26","issue":"1","pages":"25","year":1997,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The statigraphy in 25 coastal lakes shows that most of the Norwegian coastline was impacted by a large tsunami about 7200 14C BP. 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In detail the site includes the archaeological excavations of Palaikastro located 300 m inland, the promontory and the east beach cliffs located along the coast.","sitenotes":"The Promontory and the East Beach hillocks rise to ca. 8 m asl and are isolated from the hinterland. Therefore stream or runoff flows coming from the hinterland cannot cause deposition on the studied site.","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1123,"reference_idsite":1123,"authors":"Hendrik J. Bruins, J. Alexander MacGillivray, Costas E. Synolakis, Chaim Benjamini , Jorg Keller, Hanan J. Kisch, Andreas Klugel, Johannes van der Plicht ","title":"Geoarchaeological tsunami deposits at Palaikastro (Crete) and the Late Minoan IA eruption of Santorini","publication":"Journal of Archaeological Sciences","volume":"35","issue":null,"pages":"22","year":2008,"doi":"10.1016/J.JAS.2007.08.017","url":"http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas","abstract":"The explosive eruption at Santorini in the Aegean Sea during the second millennium BCE was the largest Holocene volcanic upheaval in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The eruption was disastrous for the Minoan settlements at Santorini, but the effect on human society in the neighbouring islands and regions is still clouded in uncertainty. Tsunami generation was suggested, but comparatively little evidence was found. The lack of firm tsunami traces is particularly puzzling in Crete with its coastal settlements of the Late Minoan IA period, during which the Santorini eruption occurred. Here, we report the discovery of extensive geoarchaeological tsunami deposits at Palaikastro in north-eastern Crete. These deposits are characterized by a mixture of geological materials, including volcanic Santorini ash, and archaeological settlement debris. Various tsunami signatures were identified: (1) erosional contact with the underlying strata, (2) volcanic ash intraclasts in the lower part of the deposit, (3) reworked building stone material in the lower part of the deposit, (4) individual marine shells, (5) marine micro-fauna, (6) imbrication of rounded beach pebbles, settlement debris, ceramic sherds and even bones, (7) multi-modal chaotic composition. Late Minoan human settlement activities at Palaikastro provided architectural and stratigraphic frameworks in space and time that recorded and preserved tsunami evidence as geoarchaeological deposits. Such stratigraphic resolution and preservation may not occur in the natural landscape. Volcanic ash transported by wind from Santorini south-east to Crete preceded the tsunami. Geological, archaeological and radiocarbon dating criteria all converge, indicating that the tsunami deposits are coeval with the Minoan Santorini eruption. Field evidence suggests that tsunami waves at Palaikastro were at least 9 m high. Inverse tsunami modeling was attempted, based on these newly discovered tsunamigenic deposits. The initial wave in the generation region at Santorini that best fits the stratigraphic data is a wave with +35 to −15 m initial amplitude and a crest length of about 15 km.","contactname":"Bruins, H. J.","contactemail":"hjbruins@bgu.ac.il","compiler_idsite":1123,"name":"Ioanna","surname":"Triantafyllou","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"ioannatriantafyllou@yahoo.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1123,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"Beach cliffs, promontory","typeofsite_idsite":1123,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":"Archaeological","event_idsite":1123,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The tsunami signatures are present in six field sections along the Palaikastro coastal cliffs. In detail deposits with the following sedimentary features were observed: 1) sharp basal contact , 2) Intraclasts of volcanic Santorini ash, 3) Reworked material, 4) Presence of individual marine shells, 5) Marine and micro-fauna of coralline algae and foraminifera, 6) Imbrication of ceramic sherds, buildings debris, bones and/or rounded pebbles, 7) Multi – modal, non sorted, chaotic particle size composition. In the excavations a distinct but discontinuos layer of light grey volcanic ash, mixed with reddish brown sediment, is present. ","labyoungestagelya":3310,"lyastddev":35,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":3790,"loastddev":60,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-1620,"eventdescription":"The youngest age (Radiocarbon age) derives from a sample of cattle bone, while the oldest one (Radiocarbon age) derives from a sample of Patellidae.  Moreover archaeological estimates were carried out on a ceramic sherd. These estimates relate the sherd to the Late Minoan IA period.  Authors suggest that these sedimentary features are the result of the Late Minoan IA Santorini eruption and tsunami. All these samples derive from the coastal sections. In addition further analysis confirm that the volcanic ash marks a mature stage of the LM IA period. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1140,"dating_idevent":1123,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1123,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1123,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[26.2775,35.1952,26.2775,35.1952]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.135","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[20.7937,38.8749]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":135,"sitename":"Pine Forest Beach","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Greece","region":"Aitoloakarnania","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":50,"latitude":38.87490082,"longitude":20.79369926,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":2395,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located at the northern shore of the Bay of Cheladivaron just opposite to the Cheladivaron promontory. This coastal section is exposed to the west. The supralittoral zone forms a flat surface at about 1,2, 1,5 m asl which extends around 150 m inland and is covered by a pine forest.","sitenotes":"This coastal section has a reduced wave action form the open sea being protected by the Cheladivaron promontory and by the Phoukias sand spit. The littoral zone is limited to a narrow band below 0.40 m asl. ","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1124,"reference_idsite":1124,"authors":"Vött, A., Bruckner, H., May, M., Lang, F., Herd, F., Brockmüller, S.","title":"Strong tsunami impact on the Bay of AghiosNikolaos and its environs (NW Greece) duringClassical-Hellenistic times","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"181","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2008,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents, for the first time, detailed geomorphological, sedimentological, geoarchaeological, geophysical and geochemical evidence of a strong tsunami impact on the Bay of Aghios Nikolaos and its environs (NW Greece) during Classical–Hellenistic times. Tsunamigenically dislocated beachrock slabs found on top of the Santa Maura beach ridge complex are closely interrelated to adjacent coarse-grained washover fan deposits encountered in vibracores and detected by earth resistivity measurements. Based on detailed topographic surveys and geomorphometric investigations, it was possible to localize areas of high intensity overflow. Underwater studies revealed that the central and northern parts of the former Plaka beach ridge were completely destroyed by tsunami impact. Loose littoral deposits were flushed into the Bay of Aghios Nikolaos and mega blocks of the underlying beachrock structure were dislocated landwards. Tsunami landfall occurred all along the eastern and northern shores of the bay where deposits, partly weathered and associated to archaeological findings, were found. Runup was estimated to minimum values between 2–3 m and 4–6 m a.s.l. Crosschecking the results of radiocarbon analyses with archaeological ages from five sites allowed to date the strong tsunami event to the time period between 395 cal BC and 247 cal BC. Due to the funnel-like contour of the coastline, the area is extremely sensitive to tsunami events of mid to high magnitude and high frequency.","contactname":"A. Voett","contactemail":"voett@staff.uni-marburg.de","compiler_idsite":1124,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1124,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"beach","typeofsite_idsite":1124,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1124,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on an outcrop of coarse marine deposits. The sediments mainly consist of middle to coarse sand and gravel up to 12 cm in length. The pebbles are well rounded and characterized by numerous boreholes made by marine boring mussels such as Litophaga sp. ","labyoungestagelya":2737,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":-557,"youngestcalagemax":-395,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-395,"preferredagemax":-247,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Evaluating the available radiocarbon ages against the background of various geoarcheological findings in the whole Agios Nikolaos Bay, the tsunami occurred after 395 cal BC and before 247 cal BC. The calibrated radiocarbon ages represent the 1 sigma result. Radiocarbon dating was performed on a rock-boring mussel. The calibrated age represents the 1 sigma result. Authors suggest that this layer at Pine forest beach was accumulated by a tsunami landfall after Archaic to Classical times and represents a run-up deposit.","eventnotes":"In antiquity the Phoukias spit sand was not an obstacle for a tsunami landfall at the studied site.","event_idevent":1141,"dating_idevent":1124,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1124,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1124,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[20.7937,38.8749,20.7937,38.8749]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.136","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[20.769,38.8939]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":136,"sitename":"Paliokoulio","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Greece","region":"Aitoloakarnania","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":38.89390182,"longitude":20.7689991,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":400,"timeall":2700,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is locatedat the southern shore of the Lagoon of Saltini, on Actio headland.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1125,"reference_idsite":1125,"authors":"Vött, A., Bruckner, H., May, M., Lang, F., Herd, F., Brockmüller, S.","title":"Strong tsunami impact on the Bay of AghiosNikolaos and its environs (NW Greece) duringClassical-Hellenistic times","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"181","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2008,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents, for the first time, detailed geomorphological, sedimentological, geoarchaeological, geophysical and geochemical evidence of a strong tsunami impact on the Bay of Aghios Nikolaos and its environs (NW Greece) during Classical–Hellenistic times. Tsunamigenically dislocated beachrock slabs found on top of the Santa Maura beach ridge complex are closely interrelated to adjacent coarse-grained washover fan deposits encountered in vibracores and detected by earth resistivity measurements. Based on detailed topographic surveys and geomorphometric investigations, it was possible to localize areas of high intensity overflow. Underwater studies revealed that the central and northern parts of the former Plaka beach ridge were completely destroyed by tsunami impact. Loose littoral deposits were flushed into the Bay of Aghios Nikolaos and mega blocks of the underlying beachrock structure were dislocated landwards. Tsunami landfall occurred all along the eastern and northern shores of the bay where deposits, partly weathered and associated to archaeological findings, were found. Runup was estimated to minimum values between 2–3 m and 4–6 m a.s.l. Crosschecking the results of radiocarbon analyses with archaeological ages from five sites allowed to date the strong tsunami event to the time period between 395 cal BC and 247 cal BC. Due to the funnel-like contour of the coastline, the area is extremely sensitive to tsunami events of mid to high magnitude and high frequency.","contactname":"A. Voett","contactemail":"voett@staff.uni-marburg.de","compiler_idsite":1125,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1125,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1125,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1125,"depth":1,"thicknessordimension":1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer of sand, partly silty, with abundant gravel and grus, badly sorted, numerous fragments of marine Gastropods and Cerastoderma glaucum and ceramic fragments. The layer includes also iron and manganese nodules.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-395,"preferredagemax":-247,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Evaluating the available radiocarbon ages against the background of various geoarcheological findings in the whole Agios Nikolaos Bay, the tsunami occurred after 395 cal BC and before 247 cal BC. The calibrated radiocarbon ages represent the 1 sigma result. The oldest age obtained from this sitederives from archaeological estimates. In detail, potsherds dated to Archaic to Hellenistic times (7th -3rd century BC). Moreover other fragments of ceramic collected above the tsunami layer gave an age estimated older than the Byzantine epoch (330 – 1453 AD). Therefore authors conclude that the event (a strong tsunami landfall) occurred at or after Archaic to Hellenistic times. ","eventnotes":"Data suggest that before and after the event, the site has never again been affected by influences from the seaside during the Holocene","event_idevent":1142,"dating_idevent":1125,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1125,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1125,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[20.769,38.8939,20.769,38.8939]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.137","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[20.7887,38.8646]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":137,"sitename":"Cheladivaron","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Greece","region":"Aitoloakarnania","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":38.86460114,"longitude":20.7887001,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":20,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located at the western fringe of the Cheladivaron promontory some 20 m from the present shoreline.","sitenotes":"The site is not affected by torrential river systems.","timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1126,"reference_idsite":1126,"authors":"Vött, A., Bruckner, H., May, M., Lang, F., Herd, F., Brockmüller, S.","title":"Strong tsunami impact on the Bay of AghiosNikolaos and its environs (NW Greece) duringClassical-Hellenistic times","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"181","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2008,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents, for the first time, detailed geomorphological, sedimentological, geoarchaeological, geophysical and geochemical evidence of a strong tsunami impact on the Bay of Aghios Nikolaos and its environs (NW Greece) during Classical–Hellenistic times. Tsunamigenically dislocated beachrock slabs found on top of the Santa Maura beach ridge complex are closely interrelated to adjacent coarse-grained washover fan deposits encountered in vibracores and detected by earth resistivity measurements. Based on detailed topographic surveys and geomorphometric investigations, it was possible to localize areas of high intensity overflow. Underwater studies revealed that the central and northern parts of the former Plaka beach ridge were completely destroyed by tsunami impact. Loose littoral deposits were flushed into the Bay of Aghios Nikolaos and mega blocks of the underlying beachrock structure were dislocated landwards. Tsunami landfall occurred all along the eastern and northern shores of the bay where deposits, partly weathered and associated to archaeological findings, were found. Runup was estimated to minimum values between 2–3 m and 4–6 m a.s.l. Crosschecking the results of radiocarbon analyses with archaeological ages from five sites allowed to date the strong tsunami event to the time period between 395 cal BC and 247 cal BC. Due to the funnel-like contour of the coastline, the area is extremely sensitive to tsunami events of mid to high magnitude and high frequency.","contactname":"A. Voett","contactemail":"voett@staff.uni-marburg.de","compiler_idsite":1126,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1126,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1126,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1126,"depth":0.64999998,"thicknessordimension":0.2,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer of ceramic fragments (pottery sherds of the Classical Hellenistic times) up to 10 cm longwithin a loamy matrix. These fragments are parallel to the surface of the underlying paleosol while other fragments show a slight imbrication. The layer contains also numerous well-rounded pieces of gravel, which partly show sign of a former cementation. Moreover the ceramic fragments show different grades of roundness and destruction.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-395,"preferredagemax":-247,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Evaluating the available radiocarbon ages against the background of various geoarcheological findings in the whole Agios Nikolaos Bay, the tsunami occurred after 395 cal BC and before 247 cal BC. The calibrated radiocarbon ages represent the 1 sigma result. Authors suggest that this event could have been occurred during the Classical Hellenistic times.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1143,"dating_idevent":1126,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1126,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1126,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[20.7887,38.8646,20.7887,38.8646]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.171","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-6.322,36.955]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":171,"sitename":"Donana","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2001,"country":"Spain","region":"Andalusia","province":"Cadiz","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.95500183,"longitude":-6.32200003,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":13500,"timeall":2550,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"marsh near Lucio del Pescador","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-02-18T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2010,"reference_idsite":2010,"authors":"Luque et al.","title":"Tsunami deposits as paleoseismic indicators: examples form the Spanish coast","publication":"Acta Geologica Hispanica","volume":"36","issue":"3-4","pages":"15","year":2001,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2010,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"r.paris@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2010,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2010,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2010,"depth":0.69999999,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"sandy interval at 0.7 m deep","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":null,"eventnotes":"1755 Lisbon eatrhquake","event_idevent":2011,"dating_idevent":2010,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2010,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2010,"geomorphology":"Yes","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-6.322,36.955,-6.322,36.955]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.138","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[20.7346,38.8489]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":138,"sitename":"Canali Stretti","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Greece","region":"Aitoloakarnania","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":500,"latitude":38.84889984,"longitude":20.73460007,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":4,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":400,"timeall":6802,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site includes the Santa Barbara beach ridge complex and the lagoonal environment (called Canali Stretti) located behind the beach ridge. In particular the Santa Maura beach ridge is part of the Lefkada spit system, which closes off the shallow waters of the Sound of Lefkada from the Ionian Sea. ","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1127,"reference_idsite":1127,"authors":"Vött, A., Bruckner, H., May, M., Lang, F., Herd, F., Brockmüller, S.","title":"Strong tsunami impact on the Bay of AghiosNikolaos and its environs (NW Greece) duringClassical-Hellenistic times","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"181","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2008,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents, for the first time, detailed geomorphological, sedimentological, geoarchaeological, geophysical and geochemical evidence of a strong tsunami impact on the Bay of Aghios Nikolaos and its environs (NW Greece) during Classical–Hellenistic times. Tsunamigenically dislocated beachrock slabs found on top of the Santa Maura beach ridge complex are closely interrelated to adjacent coarse-grained washover fan deposits encountered in vibracores and detected by earth resistivity measurements. Based on detailed topographic surveys and geomorphometric investigations, it was possible to localize areas of high intensity overflow. Underwater studies revealed that the central and northern parts of the former Plaka beach ridge were completely destroyed by tsunami impact. Loose littoral deposits were flushed into the Bay of Aghios Nikolaos and mega blocks of the underlying beachrock structure were dislocated landwards. Tsunami landfall occurred all along the eastern and northern shores of the bay where deposits, partly weathered and associated to archaeological findings, were found. Runup was estimated to minimum values between 2–3 m and 4–6 m a.s.l. Crosschecking the results of radiocarbon analyses with archaeological ages from five sites allowed to date the strong tsunami event to the time period between 395 cal BC and 247 cal BC. Due to the funnel-like contour of the coastline, the area is extremely sensitive to tsunami events of mid to high magnitude and high frequency.","contactname":"A. Voett","contactemail":"voett@staff.uni-marburg.de","compiler_idsite":1127,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1127,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"lagoon, beach ridge","typeofsite_idsite":1127,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1127,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The geomorphological and sedimentological evidences are based on vibracorings, geochemical and geophysical analysis, interpretation of remote sensing data carried out on the morphological unit east of Canali Stretti. This unit is interpreted as a large tsunamigenic washover plain that consists of several washover fans. The boulders evidence is based on the presence of many beachrock slabs encounterd on the top of the Santa Maura beach ridge complex.","labyoungestagelya":2574,"lyastddev":37,"youngestcalagemin":-358,"youngestcalagemax":-247,"laboldestage":2709,"loastddev":45,"oldestcalagemin":-515,"oldestcalagemax":-384,"preferredagemin":-358,"preferredagemax":-247,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Ages reported above derive from radiocarbon ages, performed on samples of Dosinia exoleta collected from the vibracores.  The calibrated ages represent the 1 sigma result. Moreover it was found a roof lite of 5th-3rd century BC associated to tsunamigenically dislocated beachrock slabs at the Santa Maura beach ridge complex.  Therefore authors suggest that, in the Classical Hellenistic time, the Santa Maura beach ridge complex was hit by a tsunami from NW direction, which additionally produced a washover plain and associated washover fans into the landward lying lagoon. ","eventnotes":"Geomorphological data reflect a minimum height of the tsunami wave train of 4-6 m asl","event_idevent":1144,"dating_idevent":1127,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1127,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1127,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[20.7346,38.8489,20.7346,38.8489]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.139","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[20.762,38.8666]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":139,"sitename":"Aghios Nikolaos Bay","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2007,"country":"Greece","region":"Aitoloakarnania","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":1000,"latitude":38.86660004,"longitude":20.76199913,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":-7,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":null,"timeall":2092,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The offshore site is located in the bay of AghiosNikolaos. This bay is protected from the open sea wave dynamics by a former strandline(the Plaka) that runs almost straight towards Actio headland","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1128,"reference_idsite":1128,"authors":"Vött, A., Bruckner, H., May, M., Lang, F., Herd, F., Brockmüller, S.","title":"Strong tsunami impact on the Bay of AghiosNikolaos and its environs (NW Greece) duringClassical-Hellenistic times","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"181","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2008,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents, for the first time, detailed geomorphological, sedimentological, geoarchaeological, geophysical and geochemical evidence of a strong tsunami impact on the Bay of Aghios Nikolaos and its environs (NW Greece) during Classical–Hellenistic times. Tsunamigenically dislocated beachrock slabs found on top of the Santa Maura beach ridge complex are closely interrelated to adjacent coarse-grained washover fan deposits encountered in vibracores and detected by earth resistivity measurements. Based on detailed topographic surveys and geomorphometric investigations, it was possible to localize areas of high intensity overflow. Underwater studies revealed that the central and northern parts of the former Plaka beach ridge were completely destroyed by tsunami impact. Loose littoral deposits were flushed into the Bay of Aghios Nikolaos and mega blocks of the underlying beachrock structure were dislocated landwards. Tsunami landfall occurred all along the eastern and northern shores of the bay where deposits, partly weathered and associated to archaeological findings, were found. Runup was estimated to minimum values between 2–3 m and 4–6 m a.s.l. Crosschecking the results of radiocarbon analyses with archaeological ages from five sites allowed to date the strong tsunami event to the time period between 395 cal BC and 247 cal BC. Due to the funnel-like contour of the coastline, the area is extremely sensitive to tsunami events of mid to high magnitude and high frequency.","contactname":"A. Voett","contactemail":"voett@staff.uni-marburg.de","compiler_idsite":1128,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1128,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"Yes","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1128,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1128,"depth":0.22,"thicknessordimension":0.2,"evidencedescription":"The sedimentological evidence is based on a 10-20 cm layer of sandy silt and abundant shell debris detected in two offshore cores. This layer is embedded between a clayey silt from a shallow marine to lagoonal environment and a clayey to silty sublittoral deposits. The boulders evidence is based on several beachrock slabs that lie on the sea bottom. The beachrock slabs derive from the former strand line (the Plaka). ","labyoungestagelya":585,"lyastddev":37,"youngestcalagemin":1673,"youngestcalagemax":1803,"laboldestage":2353,"loastddev":50,"oldestcalagemin":-92,"oldestcalagemax":46,"preferredagemin":-358,"preferredagemax":-247,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Evaluating the available radiocarbon ages against the background of various geoarcheological findings in the whole Agios Nikolaos Bay, the tsunami occurred after 395 cal BC and before 247 cal BC. The calibrated radiocarbon ages represent the 1 sigma result. Ages reported above derive from radiocarbon ages, performed on samples of Dosinia exoleta collected from the cores. Authors (after a list of considerations) consider that this event occurred in the time range even shorter as 358-247 BC. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1145,"dating_idevent":1128,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"Yes","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1128,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1128,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[20.762,38.8666,20.762,38.8666]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.140","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.6706,35.2364]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":140,"sitename":"Paleochora","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Crete Island","province":"Chania, west Crete","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":1000,"latitude":35.2364006,"longitude":23.67060089,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":8,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":100,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"This site is located west of Paleochora town. Here the coastal uplift of 365 AD event is preserved as a horizontal bioerosive notch along steep limestone rocks at a height of 7-8 m asl.","sitenotes":"In this site the neotectonic uplift exposed a rock platform of hard limestone at 4 -5 m asl which in several places is decorated by well preserved Younger Holocene algal reefs. ","timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1129,"reference_idsite":1129,"authors":"Scheffers, A., Scheffers, S.","title":"Tsunami deposits on the coastline of west Crete (Greece)","publication":"Earth&Planetary Sciences Letters","volume":"259","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2007,"doi":"10/1016/j.epsl.2007.05.041","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea in particular, are the most active seismic regions in Europe. Historically, numerous earthquakes have occurred in this part of the world and comprehensive tsunami recordings exist. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis is rare, although many neotectonic movements certainly must have triggered very strong tsunami waves. Along the coastlines of western Crete, we found evidence for tsunami impacts, such as 1) bimodal deposits (large clasts floating in sands comprised of shell fragments); 2) dislocation of large boulders with tilting of biogenous notches; and 3) boulders (with Lithophaga or Cliona borings) weighing up to 75 tons thrown onshore and imbedded in strata of marine shells. This paper documents these deposits and discusses whether they originated from the sudden uplift that occurred in 365 AD. Moreover, numerical radiocarbon ages reveal the occurrence of two tsunamis dated to 5660 yrs BP and 500 yrs BP. Evidence for other tsunami impacts is discussed, but not supported by numerical dating due to the lack of suitable material.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-due.de","compiler_idsite":1129,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1129,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1129,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1129,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on unsorted coarse sands mixed with shell fragments in which floating quartzite boulders of sizes up to 1 ton are present. This mixture is situated on the wide coastal plain west of Paleochora (3-5 m asl). Between Paleochora and Koundoura a small section of blown sand and a dune-like attachment to the higher slope shows the same bimodal character with floating boulders. At one place fragments of a young beachrock are incorporated into the sand and have been exhumed by the destruction of vegetation due to overgrazing.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":400,"preferredagemax":2000,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"The mixture, together with many broken shells, the lack of stratification in the sands and the bimodal character of the sediment are evidence of a tsunami younger than 1600 yr BP. The beachrock is younger than the neotectonic coastal uplift from 365 AD as prior to the uplift no beach existed in this area. The location of these fragments are far removed from the modern storm beach and separated from the sea by a belt of old vegetation and soil, so the fragments could not have been transported to their present position by storm waves.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1146,"dating_idevent":1129,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1129,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1129,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.6706,35.2364,23.6706,35.2364]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.141","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.5494,35.3272]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":141,"sitename":"Ormos Stomiou","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Crete Island","province":"Chania, west Crete","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":400,"latitude":35.32720184,"longitude":23.54940033,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":8,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":100,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"This site is the most accentuated embayment along the west coast of Crete. This embayment is decorated by a pebble beach with rocky outcrops and a >100 m wide plain just below 8 m asl, which is the appropriate height of the uplifted notch in this region.","sitenotes":"This plain is characterized by large well-rounded boulders of quartzite and very hard sandstone that are scattered in loose clusters or lie close together as a boulder carpet.","timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1130,"reference_idsite":1130,"authors":"Scheffers, A., Scheffers, S.","title":"Tsunami deposits on the coastline of west Crete (Greece).","publication":"Earth&Planetary Sciences Letters","volume":"259","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2007,"doi":"10/1016/j.epsl.2007.05.041","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea in particular, are the most active seismic regions in Europe. Historically, numerous earthquakes have occurred in this part of the world and comprehensive tsunami recordings exist. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis is rare, although many neotectonic movements certainly must have triggered very strong tsunami waves. Along the coastlines of western Crete, we found evidence for tsunami impacts, such as 1) bimodal deposits (large clasts floating in sands comprised of shell fragments); 2) dislocation of large boulders with tilting of biogenous notches; and 3) boulders (with Lithophaga or Cliona borings) weighing up to 75 tons thrown onshore and imbedded in strata of marine shells. This paper documents these deposits and discusses whether they originated from the sudden uplift that occurred in 365 AD. Moreover, numerical radiocarbon ages reveal the occurrence of two tsunamis dated to 5660 yrs BP and 500 yrs BP. Evidence for other tsunami impacts is discussed, but not supported by numerical dating due to the lack of suitable material.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-due.de","compiler_idsite":1130,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1130,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1130,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1130,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":1.5,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a boulders accumulation. These boulders reach a weigh of max 6 tons and some of them show impact marks clearly originated from collision during the transport.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Authors suggest that the final movement and rearrangement of these boulders can be only explained by extreme wave energy, which could not have been generated by storms because of the very shallow foreshore here. Authors don’t have age data, but they don’t exclude a tsunami originated from the 365 AD earthquake and related uplift.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1147,"dating_idevent":1130,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1130,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1130,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.5494,35.3272,23.5494,35.3272]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.172","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-6.384,37.001]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":172,"sitename":"Donana 2","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2005,"country":"Spain","region":"Andalusia","province":"Cadiz","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.00099945,"longitude":-6.38399982,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":11000,"timeall":5500,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"coastal marsh with cheniers and ridges","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-02-20T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2011,"reference_idsite":2011,"authors":"Ruiz et al.","title":"Evidence of high-energy events in the geological record: Mid-Holocene evolution of the southwestern Doñana National Park (SW Spain)","publication":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","volume":"229","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2005,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2011,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"r.paris@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2011,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2011,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2011,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"detrital shell-enriched layers","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":3460,"loastddev":40,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating on mollusc shells","eventnotes":"Depth and thick are variable, depending on the location and cores examined","event_idevent":2013,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2011,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2011,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-6.384,37.001,-6.384,37.001]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.142","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.5384,35.348]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":142,"sitename":"Mavros","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Crete Island","province":"Chania, west Crete","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":400,"latitude":35.34799957,"longitude":23.53840065,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":6,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":60,"timeall":5770,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is an embayment located after Mavros Cape (W Crete) in northern direction. This site has a sandy beach about 1 km long and has been transformed into a beachrock with a width up to 80 m over its entire length. ","sitenotes":"The beachrock was formed by beach cementation after its emergence about 1650 yrs ago, when the sea level was lower than it’s today, documented by submerged ruins from antique times along most of the Crete shoreline.","timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1131,"reference_idsite":1131,"authors":"Scheffers, A., Scheffers, S.","title":"Tsunami deposits on the coastline of west Crete (Greece).","publication":"Earth&Planetary Sciences Letters","volume":"259","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2007,"doi":"10/1016/j.epsl.2007.05.041","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea in particular, are the most active seismic regions in Europe. Historically, numerous earthquakes have occurred in this part of the world and comprehensive tsunami recordings exist. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis is rare, although many neotectonic movements certainly must have triggered very strong tsunami waves. Along the coastlines of western Crete, we found evidence for tsunami impacts, such as 1) bimodal deposits (large clasts floating in sands comprised of shell fragments); 2) dislocation of large boulders with tilting of biogenous notches; and 3) boulders (with Lithophaga or Cliona borings) weighing up to 75 tons thrown onshore and imbedded in strata of marine shells. This paper documents these deposits and discusses whether they originated from the sudden uplift that occurred in 365 AD. Moreover, numerical radiocarbon ages reveal the occurrence of two tsunamis dated to 5660 yrs BP and 500 yrs BP. Evidence for other tsunami impacts is discussed, but not supported by numerical dating due to the lack of suitable material.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-due.de","compiler_idsite":1131,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1131,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1131,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1131,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on boulders accumulation and on a stratum of mollusk exposed in the dune cliffs below the dune sand. In particular there are two large boulders (15 and 40 tons) cemented on the beachrock. They were moved during or after the neotectonic emergence, as indicated by attached tilted rims of calcareous algae.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":5660,"loastddev":60,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"The radiocarbon age derives from the stratum of mollusk (95% Glycimeris glycimeris). Most of these shells lie with the open side downwards and show sign of abrasion. Fine material is cemented to these only in the inner parts, suggesting that this side was covered with living tissue during deposition. This deposit shows characteristics of a single and sudden event. At the same time the two large boulders together the very shallow water of the foreshore preclude large storm waves.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1148,"dating_idevent":1131,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1131,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1131,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.5384,35.348,23.5384,35.348]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.143","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.6378,35.2331]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":143,"sitename":"Gramenos","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Crete Island","province":"Chania, west Crete","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":50,"latitude":35.23310089,"longitude":23.63780022,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":20,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the northeast corner of Gramenos peninsula","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1132,"reference_idsite":1132,"authors":"Scheffers, A., Scheffers, S.","title":"Tsunami deposits on the coastline of west Crete (Greece).","publication":"Earth&Planetary Sciences Letters","volume":"259","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2007,"doi":"10/1016/j.epsl.2007.05.041","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea in particular, are the most active seismic regions in Europe. Historically, numerous earthquakes have occurred in this part of the world and comprehensive tsunami recordings exist. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis is rare, although many neotectonic movements certainly must have triggered very strong tsunami waves. Along the coastlines of western Crete, we found evidence for tsunami impacts, such as 1) bimodal deposits (large clasts floating in sands comprised of shell fragments); 2) dislocation of large boulders with tilting of biogenous notches; and 3) boulders (with Lithophaga or Cliona borings) weighing up to 75 tons thrown onshore and imbedded in strata of marine shells. This paper documents these deposits and discusses whether they originated from the sudden uplift that occurred in 365 AD. Moreover, numerical radiocarbon ages reveal the occurrence of two tsunamis dated to 5660 yrs BP and 500 yrs BP. Evidence for other tsunami impacts is discussed, but not supported by numerical dating due to the lack of suitable material.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-due.de","compiler_idsite":1132,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1132,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"beachrock","typeofsite_idsite":1132,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1132,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on beachrock dislocated boulders","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":400,"preferredagemax":2000,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"The beach was formed as a tombolo after the 365 AD uplift and therefore the beach must be younger that this event. Nevertheless the beach was destroyed in two phases: an oldest phase with the destruction and dislocation of boulders weighing up to 2 tons which were later again cemented to the beachrock basement; a younger phase which left beachrock boulders weighing up to more 10 tons under water and several smaller ones imbricated onshore. ","eventnotes":"The sublitoral topography in this protected environment, where only refracted swell reaches the beach, is chaotic, consisting of dislocated boulders of an older molasse and a younger beachrock. A younger tsunami impact is the only acceptable explanation for this setting of boulders.","event_idevent":1149,"dating_idevent":1132,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1132,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1132,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.6378,35.2331,23.6378,35.2331]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.144","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.5812,35.4913]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":144,"sitename":"Phalasarna South","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Crete Island","province":"Chania, west Crete","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":400,"latitude":35.49129868,"longitude":23.58119965,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":8,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":70,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"This site is located in the Innermost part of Livadi Bay. This bay is about 3 km long and it’s protected by Petalida Island and shallow rocky reefs, for most of this length.","sitenotes":"The site, thanks to its location, is protected from strong waves or swell, although it’s exposed to long fetch (>400 km) from the west.","timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1133,"reference_idsite":1133,"authors":"Scheffers, A., Scheffers, S.","title":"Tsunami deposits on the coastline of west Crete (Greece).","publication":"Earth&Planetary Sciences Letters","volume":"259","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2007,"doi":"10/1016/j.epsl.2007.05.041","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea in particular, are the most active seismic regions in Europe. Historically, numerous earthquakes have occurred in this part of the world and comprehensive tsunami recordings exist. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis is rare, although many neotectonic movements certainly must have triggered very strong tsunami waves. Along the coastlines of western Crete, we found evidence for tsunami impacts, such as 1) bimodal deposits (large clasts floating in sands comprised of shell fragments); 2) dislocation of large boulders with tilting of biogenous notches; and 3) boulders (with Lithophaga or Cliona borings) weighing up to 75 tons thrown onshore and imbedded in strata of marine shells. This paper documents these deposits and discusses whether they originated from the sudden uplift that occurred in 365 AD. Moreover, numerical radiocarbon ages reveal the occurrence of two tsunamis dated to 5660 yrs BP and 500 yrs BP. Evidence for other tsunami impacts is discussed, but not supported by numerical dating due to the lack of suitable material.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-due.de","compiler_idsite":1133,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1133,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Beach environment","typeofsite_idsite":1133,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1133,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on boulder accumulations. In detail in the innermost part of Livadi Bay, about 20-70 m from the beach, in a sandy environment, there are approximately 100 boulders (1-10 tons) arranged in clusters. Moreover, always in the central part of Livadi Bay, there are some huge boulders (max 50 tons) that exhibit tafoning of several meters and the bioerosive tilted notch of the 365 AD uplift.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":365,"preferredagemax":1000,"historicalage":365,"eventdescription":"About the boulders arranged in clusters, authors suggest that the distribution along this stretch of coast of boulders with a similar height, form and degree of rounding can be considered as a single event. The vegetation in the area and the degree of tafoning are indicators of the age of their last movement which may be more than 1000 yrs ago. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1150,"dating_idevent":1133,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1133,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1133,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.5812,35.4913,23.5812,35.4913]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.145","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.5781,35.6063]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":145,"sitename":"Gramvousa Island","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Crete Island","province":"Chania, west Crete","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":90,"latitude":35.60630035,"longitude":23.5781002,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":8,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":100,"timeall":null,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"This site is located in Gramvousa Island (north west corner of Crete). This island is protected from the north by the Agria Gramvousa, from the east by the Gramvousa peninsula and from the south by former island of Kheri Tiganiou, now connected to the mainland.","sitenotes":"The only area of the Island with small beaches and a low lying rocky platform is located in the southern side. ","timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1134,"reference_idsite":1134,"authors":"Scheffers, A., Scheffers, S. ","title":"Tsunami deposits on the coastline of west Crete (Greece).","publication":"Earth&Planetary Sciences Letters","volume":"259","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2007,"doi":"10/1016/j.epsl.2007.05.041","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea in particular, are the most active seismic regions in Europe. Historically, numerous earthquakes have occurred in this part of the world and comprehensive tsunami recordings exist. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis is rare, although many neotectonic movements certainly must have triggered very strong tsunami waves. Along the coastlines of western Crete, we found evidence for tsunami impacts, such as 1) bimodal deposits (large clasts floating in sands comprised of shell fragments); 2) dislocation of large boulders with tilting of biogenous notches; and 3) boulders (with Lithophaga or Cliona borings) weighing up to 75 tons thrown onshore and imbedded in strata of marine shells. This paper documents these deposits and discusses whether they originated from the sudden uplift that occurred in 365 AD. Moreover, numerical radiocarbon ages reveal the occurrence of two tsunamis dated to 5660 yrs BP and 500 yrs BP. Evidence for other tsunami impacts is discussed, but not supported by numerical dating due to the lack of suitable material.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-due.de","compiler_idsite":1134,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1134,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1134,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1134,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on more than 50 boulders weighing up to 10 tons at 8 m asl  and boulders of 20 tons at 4 m asl scattered on a rocky platform (emerged with the sudden uplift of 365 AD) at 10 to 100 m from the shoreline. They are balanced on edges of rock pools and settled on karstic relief, which means that they were deposited long after the exposure of this platform.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":400,"preferredagemax":2000,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Because storm waves can not transported boulders of this sizes,  authors conclude that they were moved by at least one tsunami that occurred later than 1600 yrs BP (to give enough time for the rock pools and karst forms to develop)","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1151,"dating_idevent":1134,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1134,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1134,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.5781,35.6063,23.5781,35.6063]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.173","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-6.384,37.001]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":173,"sitename":"Donana 2","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2005,"country":"Spain","region":"Andalusia","province":"Cadiz","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.00099945,"longitude":-6.38399982,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":11000,"timeall":5500,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"coastal marsh with cheniers and ridges","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-02-20T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2011,"reference_idsite":2011,"authors":"Ruiz et al.","title":"Evidence of high-energy events in the geological record: Mid-Holocene evolution of the southwestern Doñana National Park (SW Spain)","publication":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","volume":"229","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2005,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2011,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"r.paris@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2011,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2011,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2011,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"detrital shell-enriched layers","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":3679,"loastddev":48,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating on mollusc shells","eventnotes":"Depth and thick are variable, depending on the location and cores examined","event_idevent":2014,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2011,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2011,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-6.384,37.001,-6.384,37.001]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.146","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.5781,35.6063]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":146,"sitename":"Gramvousa Island","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Crete Island","province":"Chania, west Crete","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":90,"latitude":35.60630035,"longitude":23.5781002,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":8,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":100,"timeall":null,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"This site is located in Gramvousa Island (north west corner of Crete). This island is protected from the north by the Agria Gramvousa, from the east by the Gramvousa peninsula and from the south by former island of Kheri Tiganiou, now connected to the mainland.","sitenotes":"The only area of the Island with small beaches and a low lying rocky platform is located in the southern side. ","timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1134,"reference_idsite":1134,"authors":"Scheffers, A., Scheffers, S. ","title":"Tsunami deposits on the coastline of west Crete (Greece).","publication":"Earth&Planetary Sciences Letters","volume":"259","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2007,"doi":"10/1016/j.epsl.2007.05.041","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea in particular, are the most active seismic regions in Europe. Historically, numerous earthquakes have occurred in this part of the world and comprehensive tsunami recordings exist. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis is rare, although many neotectonic movements certainly must have triggered very strong tsunami waves. Along the coastlines of western Crete, we found evidence for tsunami impacts, such as 1) bimodal deposits (large clasts floating in sands comprised of shell fragments); 2) dislocation of large boulders with tilting of biogenous notches; and 3) boulders (with Lithophaga or Cliona borings) weighing up to 75 tons thrown onshore and imbedded in strata of marine shells. This paper documents these deposits and discusses whether they originated from the sudden uplift that occurred in 365 AD. Moreover, numerical radiocarbon ages reveal the occurrence of two tsunamis dated to 5660 yrs BP and 500 yrs BP. Evidence for other tsunami impacts is discussed, but not supported by numerical dating due to the lack of suitable material.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-due.de","compiler_idsite":1134,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1134,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1134,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1134,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a 100 m long and wide rocky platform settled at 6 m asl that appears free of sediment. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":365,"eventdescription":"This platform is the result of the uplift of 365 AD. The foreshore area in this region consists of sea grass covered sand and patchy rock outcrops. The platform don’t show these features and at the same time can not be reached by storm waves and all finer particles of rock pools could not remove by winds. For this reason authors think that the platform was hit by a tsunami originated more than 1600 yrs ago.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1152,"dating_idevent":1134,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1134,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1134,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.5781,35.6063,23.5781,35.6063]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.147","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.5878,35.5784]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":147,"sitename":"Balos","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Crete Island","province":"Chania, west Crete","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":500,"latitude":35.57839966,"longitude":23.58779907,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":25,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":400,"timeall":null,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"This site of Balos is located between the west coast of the Gramvousa peninsula and the former island of Kheri Tiganiou. Kheri Tiganiou is now connected to Gramvousa peninsula by a low lying coastal landscape built by Young Pleistocene cemented coastal deposits, beackrock, sandy beaches and very shallow lagoons with silt deposits.","sitenotes":"The southwest portion of this site is the only sector open to strong wave impact, but modern storm events do not deposit clasts at this location. The sea level until the 365 AD uplift, in this area, was ca. 6 m higher than today.","timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1135,"reference_idsite":1135,"authors":"Scheffers, A., Scheffers, S. ","title":"Tsunami deposits on the coastline of west Crete (Greece).","publication":"Earth&Planetary Sciences Letters","volume":"259","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2007,"doi":"10/1016/j.epsl.2007.05.041","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea in particular, are the most active seismic regions in Europe. Historically, numerous earthquakes have occurred in this part of the world and comprehensive tsunami recordings exist. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis is rare, although many neotectonic movements certainly must have triggered very strong tsunami waves. Along the coastlines of western Crete, we found evidence for tsunami impacts, such as 1) bimodal deposits (large clasts floating in sands comprised of shell fragments); 2) dislocation of large boulders with tilting of biogenous notches; and 3) boulders (with Lithophaga or Cliona borings) weighing up to 75 tons thrown onshore and imbedded in strata of marine shells. This paper documents these deposits and discusses whether they originated from the sudden uplift that occurred in 365 AD. Moreover, numerical radiocarbon ages reveal the occurrence of two tsunamis dated to 5660 yrs BP and 500 yrs BP. Evidence for other tsunami impacts is discussed, but not supported by numerical dating due to the lack of suitable material.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-due.de","compiler_idsite":1135,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1135,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1135,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1135,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":4,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on boulder accumulations. The first one is a distribution of platy beachrock fragments up to 6 m2  in area and weighing more than 6 tons along a shallow water coastline with transport distances exceeding 100 m. In a second moment these boulders were partly transformed by abrasion of wind-shifting sand or salt weathering. The second accumulation (along the west-facing beach, in protected inner part of lagoon) shows boulders (max 40 tons) situated max 4-5 m als and up to 400 m inland. All of them contain Litophaga and Cliona borings which prove their sublittoral origin.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":400,"preferredagemax":2000,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Authors suggest an event occurred after the 365 AD uplift because the beachrock had to be built with a vertical cemetation of 3 m and only after this process took place was the beachrock broken.  ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1153,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1135,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1135,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.5878,35.5784,23.5878,35.5784]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.148","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[23.5878,35.5784]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":148,"sitename":"Balos","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2006,"country":"Greece","region":"Western Crete Island","province":"Chania, west Crete","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":500,"latitude":35.57839966,"longitude":23.58779907,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":25,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":400,"timeall":null,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"This site of Balos is located between the west coast of the Gramvousa peninsula and the former island of Kheri Tiganiou. Kheri Tiganiou is now connected to Gramvousa peninsula by a low lying coastal landscape built by Young Pleistocene cemented coastal deposits, beackrock, sandy beaches and very shallow lagoons with silt deposits.","sitenotes":"The southwest portion of this site is the only sector open to strong wave impact, but modern storm events do not deposit clasts at this location. The sea level until the 365 AD uplift, in this area, was ca. 6 m higher than today.","timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1135,"reference_idsite":1135,"authors":"Scheffers, A., Scheffers, S. ","title":"Tsunami deposits on the coastline of west Crete (Greece).","publication":"Earth&Planetary Sciences Letters","volume":"259","issue":null,"pages":"12","year":2007,"doi":"10/1016/j.epsl.2007.05.041","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea in particular, are the most active seismic regions in Europe. Historically, numerous earthquakes have occurred in this part of the world and comprehensive tsunami recordings exist. Nevertheless, field evidence of tsunamis is rare, although many neotectonic movements certainly must have triggered very strong tsunami waves. Along the coastlines of western Crete, we found evidence for tsunami impacts, such as 1) bimodal deposits (large clasts floating in sands comprised of shell fragments); 2) dislocation of large boulders with tilting of biogenous notches; and 3) boulders (with Lithophaga or Cliona borings) weighing up to 75 tons thrown onshore and imbedded in strata of marine shells. This paper documents these deposits and discusses whether they originated from the sudden uplift that occurred in 365 AD. Moreover, numerical radiocarbon ages reveal the occurrence of two tsunamis dated to 5660 yrs BP and 500 yrs BP. Evidence for other tsunami impacts is discussed, but not supported by numerical dating due to the lack of suitable material.","contactname":"A. Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-due.de","compiler_idsite":1135,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":"Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1135,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1135,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1135,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a boulders accumulation and on a shell bed. The largest two boulders weigh 67 and 75 tons. The latter sits at 14 m asl and about 150 m from the shoreline in an area with a dense cover of mollusks (the shell bed mentioned before).","labyoungestagelya":500,"lyastddev":60,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"The radiocarbon dating derives from a shell. Authors suggest if dating of 500±60 is contaminated and too young , the boulders and shells may well be the result of a tsunami wave that resulted from the sudden uplift of 365 AD.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1154,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1135,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1135,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[23.5878,35.5784,23.5878,35.5784]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.149","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-9.4858,38.7092]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":149,"sitename":"Cabo Raso","yearinvestigationfrom":2004,"yearinvestigationto":2005,"country":"Portugal","region":"Cascais","province":"Estremadura\t","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":750,"latitude":38.70920181,"longitude":-9.48579979,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":14,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":120,"timeall":2500,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"The broad promontory of Cabo Raso consists of gently folded limestone, forming a rocky shoreline with low cliffs and numerous deep and narrow incisions along fault lines or abraded mylonitic rocks. The rocks normally are bare of vegetation up to about 7 to ¬8 m above sea level (asl) because of the strong exposure to Atlantic storm waves and swell. ","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1136,"reference_idsite":1136,"authors":"Anja Scheffers, Dieter Kelletat","title":"Tsunami relics in the coastal landscape west of Lisbon, Portugal","publication":"The International Journal of The Tsunami Society","volume":"23","issue":"1","pages":"14","year":2005,"doi":null,"url":"http://tsunamisociety.org/231scheff.pdf","abstract":"Lisbon and the mouth of the river Tagus (Tejo) are known to have suffered from the great earthquake and tsunami of November 1st, 1755. Whereas historical sources mention tsunami waves and describe inundation in Lisbon, field evidence from this event has been found only along the Algarve coast and the Spanish Atlantic coast in the south. Our observations in the Cabo da Roca-Cascais area west of Lisbon resulted in the discovery of several very significant tsunami relics in the form of single large boulders, boulder ridges, pebbles and shells high above the modern storm level. Deposition of large amounts of sand by the tsunami waves has intensified eolian rock sculpturing. Abrasion of soil and vegetation still visible in the landscape may point to the great Lisbon event of only some 250 years ago, but radiocarbon and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy datings also yielded older data. Therefore, we have evidence that the Portuguese coastline has suffered more than one strong tsunami in the Younger Holocene.","contactname":"Anja Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-essen.de","compiler_idsite":1136,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1136,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1136,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1136,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"Outside the reach of even the strongest storm waves, as is visible from the soil and vegetation as well as the weathering on rocks, single boulders have been deposited on the boundary of or even within the denser vegetation. Some distinctive boulders have been mapped. On the south facing shoreline as well as on the westerly exposure north of Cabo Raso, smaller boulder fields (more than 50 fragments) or boulder ridges occur, again at around +10m or higher.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":1600,"preferredagemax":1800,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"An ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) signal of some hundredyears as maximum, but older than modern was obtained from a sample of well preserved Dolium (Tonna) galea. The authors derived some inductive and objective criteria for a relative dating of tsunami: the position of tsunami boulders in vegetated areas and those embedded in a soil on sand many decades to several hundred years old and far beyond the reach of the modern energetic surf; the weathering status, including the karstification of the boulder surfaces, again several hundred years or more in age; the good development of rock pools above the surf line without any traces of destruction by tsunami waves, demonstrating that the period after this event was long enough for good bio-erosive rock-pool formation.","eventnotes":"The ESR signal data is not shown but only mentioned by the authors","event_idevent":1155,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1136,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1136,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-9.4858,38.7092,-9.4858,38.7092]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.174","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-6.384,37.001]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":174,"sitename":"Donana 2","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2005,"country":"Spain","region":"Andalusia","province":"Cadiz","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":37.00099945,"longitude":-6.38399982,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":1,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":11000,"timeall":5500,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"coastal marsh with cheniers and ridges","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-02-20T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2011,"reference_idsite":2011,"authors":"Ruiz et al.","title":"Evidence of high-energy events in the geological record: Mid-Holocene evolution of the southwestern Doñana National Park (SW Spain)","publication":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","volume":"229","issue":null,"pages":"18","year":2005,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2011,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"r.paris@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2011,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"Yes","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2011,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2011,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"detrital shell-enriched layers","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":4548,"loastddev":59,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating on mollusc shells","eventnotes":"Depth and thick are variable, depending on the location and cores examined","event_idevent":2015,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2011,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"Yes","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2011,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-6.384,37.001,-6.384,37.001]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.150","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-9.4858,38.7092]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":150,"sitename":"Cabo Raso","yearinvestigationfrom":2004,"yearinvestigationto":2005,"country":"Portugal","region":"Cascais","province":"Estremadura\t","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":750,"latitude":38.70920181,"longitude":-9.48579979,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":14,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":120,"timeall":2500,"numofevents":2,"sitedescription":"The broad promontory of Cabo Raso consists of gently folded limestone, forming a rocky shoreline with low cliffs and numerous deep and narrow incisions along fault lines or abraded mylonitic rocks. The rocks normally are bare of vegetation up to about 7 to ¬8 m above sea level (asl) because of the strong exposure to Atlantic storm waves and swell. ","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1136,"reference_idsite":1136,"authors":"Anja Scheffers, Dieter Kelletat","title":"Tsunami relics in the coastal landscape west of Lisbon, Portugal","publication":"The International Journal of The Tsunami Society","volume":"23","issue":"1","pages":"14","year":2005,"doi":null,"url":"http://tsunamisociety.org/231scheff.pdf","abstract":"Lisbon and the mouth of the river Tagus (Tejo) are known to have suffered from the great earthquake and tsunami of November 1st, 1755. Whereas historical sources mention tsunami waves and describe inundation in Lisbon, field evidence from this event has been found only along the Algarve coast and the Spanish Atlantic coast in the south. Our observations in the Cabo da Roca-Cascais area west of Lisbon resulted in the discovery of several very significant tsunami relics in the form of single large boulders, boulder ridges, pebbles and shells high above the modern storm level. Deposition of large amounts of sand by the tsunami waves has intensified eolian rock sculpturing. Abrasion of soil and vegetation still visible in the landscape may point to the great Lisbon event of only some 250 years ago, but radiocarbon and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy datings also yielded older data. Therefore, we have evidence that the Portuguese coastline has suffered more than one strong tsunami in the Younger Holocene.","contactname":"Anja Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-essen.de","compiler_idsite":1136,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1136,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1136,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1136,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"On the south facing shoreline as well as on the westerly exposure north of Cabo Raso, smaller boulder fields (more than 50 fragments) or boulder ridges occur, again at around +10m or higher. The position of tsunami boulders in vegetated areas and those embedded in a soil on sand is many decades to several hundred years old and far beyond the reach of the modern energetic surf; the presence of well-rounded sand with pebbles (at some places enriched by deflation) and shells, both around the boulder deposits; the good preservation of molluscs in the finer tsunami deposits. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":2440,"loastddev":50,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-218,"eventdescription":"The authors dated a sample of Patella sp., and radiocarbon dating yielded aconventional age of 2440+-50 BP. No calibration was performed on this marine sample. The authors affirm that it is highly likely that it was the same tsunami, which was identified by Luque et al. (2001) in southern Spain, most probably from the years 218 or 216 BC, which were mentioned in older texts.","eventnotes":"The authors dated a sample of Patella sp., extracted from tsunami sediments at +14m north of Cabo Raso. Ring like fragments are typical, perhaps because of abrasion of the shells’ tops by tsunami waves.","event_idevent":1156,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1136,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1136,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-9.4858,38.7092,-9.4858,38.7092]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.151","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-9.4732,38.7397]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":151,"sitename":"Forte de Guincho","yearinvestigationfrom":2004,"yearinvestigationto":2005,"country":"Portugal","region":"Cascais","province":"Estremadura","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":900,"latitude":38.73970032,"longitude":-9.47319984,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":50,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The area of Forte de Guincho consists of gently folded limestone, forming a rocky shoreline with high cliffs and numerous deep and narrow incisions. South of the Forte de Guincho a 700 m long sandy beach interrupts the high cliff morphology usually characterizing the whole coastline. ","sitenotes":"East of the Forte de Guincho, there is a rather sharp line that separates dense shrubby vegetation from nearly bare land seaward of it, reaching +50 m asl.","timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1137,"reference_idsite":1137,"authors":"Anja Scheffers, Dieter Kelletat","title":"Tsunami relics in the coastal landscape west of Lisbon, Portugal","publication":"The International Journal of The Tsunami Society","volume":"23","issue":"1","pages":"14","year":2005,"doi":null,"url":"http://tsunamisociety.org/231scheff.pdf","abstract":"Lisbon and the mouth of the river Tagus (Tejo) are known to have suffered from the great earthquake and tsunami of November 1st, 1755. Whereas historical sources mention tsunami waves and describe inundation in Lisbon, field evidence from this event has been found only along the Algarve coast and the Spanish Atlantic coast in the south. Our observations in the Cabo da Roca-Cascais area west of Lisbon resulted in the discovery of several very significant tsunami relics in the form of single large boulders, boulder ridges, pebbles and shells high above the modern storm level. Deposition of large amounts of sand by the tsunami waves has intensified eolian rock sculpturing. Abrasion of soil and vegetation still visible in the landscape may point to the great Lisbon event of only some 250 years ago, but radiocarbon and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy datings also yielded older data. Therefore, we have evidence that the Portuguese coastline has suffered more than one strong tsunami in the Younger Holocene.","contactname":"Anja Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-essen.de","compiler_idsite":1137,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1137,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1137,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1137,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"North of Praia Grande do Guincho, the size of the dislocated boulders is less than that of those in the south, reaching several tons landward of Forte de Guincho, which is located at +12m asl. At around +30 m asl, the boulders weigh only 50-300 kg and are mixed with shelly sand and extremely well-rounded quartz pebbles of a smaller size. Close to the Fort there is a rather sharp line that separates dense shrubby vegetation from nearly bare landseaward of it, exhibiting an abrasive cutting of vegetation and soil in younger historical times. In some places, this line reaches +50 m asl, and beach pebbles and sand can be found even higher up. Some now vegetated dune-like sand bodies contain well-rounded floating boulders, and in total, these featuresare evidence of a tsunami with run-up heights of more than +50 m locally in this area.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":1600,"preferredagemax":1800,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"The ESR signal from one sample from north of Guincho beach at +30 m asl gave an age of some hundred years as maximum, but older than modern (1600-1800 AD). The authors derived some inductive and objective criteria for a relative dating of tsunami: the existence of coastal fortifications (Forte de Guincho in the north, Forte de San Jose in the south from 1796), i.e. about 200 years old, founded in the tsunami-affected area but not harmed by a tsunami; the position of tsunami boulders in vegetated areas and those embedded in a soil onsand many decades to several hundred years old and far beyond the reach of the modernenergetic surf; a still visible scar along the shrubby vegetation between about +20 to +50 m asl north of Guincho beach, evidence of a destructive impact more recent than the oldest juniper and mastix bush land on the coastal slopes. ","eventnotes":"The ESR signal data is not shown but only mentioned by the authors.","event_idevent":1157,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1137,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1137,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-9.4732,38.7397,-9.4732,38.7397]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.152","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-9.4681,38.6996]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":152,"sitename":"Forte de S. Jose de Oitavos","yearinvestigationfrom":2004,"yearinvestigationto":2005,"country":"Portugal","region":"Cascais","province":"Estremadura","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":700,"latitude":38.69960022,"longitude":-9.46809959,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":18,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":30,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The broad promontory of Cabo Raso, including the area of the Forte de S. Jose de Oitavos, consists of gently folded limestone, forming a rocky shoreline with low cliffs and numerous deep and narrow incisions along fault lines or abraded mylonitic rocks. The rocks normally are bare of vegetation up to about 7 to ¬8 m above sea level (asl) because of the strong exposure to Atlantic storm waves and swell. ","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1138,"reference_idsite":1138,"authors":"Anja Scheffers, Dieter Kelletat","title":"Tsunami relics in the coastal landscape west of  Lisbon, Portugal","publication":"The International Journal of The Tsunami Society","volume":"23","issue":"1","pages":"14","year":2005,"doi":null,"url":"http://tsunamisociety.org/231scheff.pdf","abstract":"Lisbon and the mouth of the river Tagus (Tejo) are known to have suffered from the great earthquake and tsunami of November 1st, 1755. Whereas historical sources mention tsunami waves and describe inundation in Lisbon, field evidence from this event has been found only along the Algarve coast and the Spanish Atlantic coast in the south. Our observations in the Cabo da Roca-Cascais area west of Lisbon resulted in the discovery of several very significant tsunami relics in the form of single large boulders, boulder ridges, pebbles and shells high above the modern storm level. Deposition of large amounts of sand by the tsunami waves has intensified eolian rock sculpturing. Abrasion of soil and vegetation still visible in the landscape may point to the great Lisbon event of only some 250 years ago, but radiocarbon and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy datings also yielded older data. Therefore, we have evidence that the Portuguese coastline has suffered more than one strong tsunami in the Younger Holocene.","contactname":"Anja Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-essen.de","compiler_idsite":1138,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1138,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1138,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1138,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"Boulders with weights ranging from more than 10 tons to about 20 tons can be found up to nearly +20 m asl and 500 m west of the Forte de S. José, a boulder of more than 100 tons (longest axis 8 m) has been dislocated at +4 to 5 m asl. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"The authors derived some inductive and objective criteria for a relative dating of tsunami: the existence of coastal fortifications (Forte de Guincho in the north, Forte de San Jose in the south from 1796), i.e. about 200 years old, founded in the tsunami-affected area but not harmed by a tsunami; the position of tsunami boulders in vegetated areas and those embedded in a soil on sand many decades to several hundred years old and far beyond the reach of the modern energetic surf; the weathering status, including the karstification of the boulder surfaces, again several hundred years or more in age; the good development of rock pools above the surf line without any traces of destruction by tsunami waves, demonstrating that the period after this event was long enough for good bio-erosive rock-pool formation.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1158,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1138,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1138,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-9.4681,38.6996,-9.4681,38.6996]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.153","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-9.476,38.7253]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":153,"sitename":"Ponta da Gale’","yearinvestigationfrom":2004,"yearinvestigationto":2005,"country":"Portugal","region":"Cascais","province":"Estremadura","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":300,"latitude":38.72529984,"longitude":-9.47599983,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":14,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":null,"timeall":7000,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The broad promontory of Cabo Raso, including the area of the Ponta da Gale’, consists of gently folded limestone, forming a rocky shoreline with low cliffs and numerous deep and narrow incisions along fault lines or abraded mylonitic rocks. The rocks normally are bare of vegetation up to about 7 to ¬8 m above sea level (asl) because of the strong exposure to Atlantic storm waves and swell.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-03-23T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1139,"reference_idsite":1139,"authors":"Anja Scheffers, Dieter Kelletat","title":"Tsunami relics in the coastal landscape west of  Lisbon, Portugal","publication":"The International Journal of The Tsunami Society","volume":"23","issue":"1","pages":"14","year":2005,"doi":null,"url":"http://tsunamisociety.org/231scheff.pdf","abstract":"Lisbon and the mouth of the river Tagus (Tejo) are known to have suffered from the great earthquake and tsunami of November 1st, 1755. Whereas historical sources mention tsunami waves and describe inundation in Lisbon, field evidence from this event has been found only along the Algarve coast and the Spanish Atlantic coast in the south. Our observations in the Cabo da Roca-Cascais area west of Lisbon resulted in the discovery of several very significant tsunami relics in the form of single large boulders, boulder ridges, pebbles and shells high above the modern storm level. Deposition of large amounts of sand by the tsunami waves has intensified eolian rock sculpturing. Abrasion of soil and vegetation still visible in the landscape may point to the great Lisbon event of only some 250 years ago, but radiocarbon and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy datings also yielded older data. Therefore, we have evidence that the Portuguese coastline has suffered more than one strong tsunami in the Younger Holocene.","contactname":"Anja Scheffers","contactemail":"anja.scheffers@uni-essen.de","compiler_idsite":1139,"name":"João","surname":"Noiva","affiliation":"Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera","acronym":"IPMA","email":"joao.noiva@ipma.pt","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1139,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1139,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1139,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"One sample of Patella from south of Guincho Beach at +14 m asl gave ESR signals pointing to ages of Middle Holocene around 6.000 to 7.000 BP, which will well fit into the geomorphology and soil stratigraphy of the region.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":-5000,"preferredagemax":-4000,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"An ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) signal of 6000-7000years BP as maximum, was obtained from a sample of Patella from south of Guincho Beach at +14 m asl. This result will well fit into the geomorphology and soil stratigraphy of the region.","eventnotes":"The ESR signal data is not shown but only mentioned by the authors","event_idevent":1159,"dating_idevent":1139,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1139,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1139,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-9.476,38.7253,-9.476,38.7253]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.154","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[28.756,36.7031]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":154,"sitename":"Dalaman","yearinvestigationfrom":1996,"yearinvestigationto":2001,"country":"Turkey","region":"SW Turkey","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.7030983,"longitude":28.75600052,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":240,"timeall":700,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"Undisturbed coastal wetland due to the presence of a small river mouth and protected from the sea by a sandy barrier approximately 160 m from the present shoreline.","sitenotes":"The low-energy conditions of the environment protect the deposits from post-depositional erosion. Three sand layers attributed to historically documented tsunamis were found.","timestamp":"2017-03-27T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1140,"reference_idsite":1140,"authors":"Papadopoulos, G. A., Minoura, K.,  Imamura, F., Kuran, U., Yalçiner, A., Fokaefs, A., Takahashi, T.","title":"Strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc","publication":"Research in Geophysics","volume":"2","issue":null,"pages":"10","year":2012,"doi":"10.4081/rg.2012.e12.","url":"http://www.pagepress.org/journals/index.php/rg/article/view/rg.2012.e12","abstract":"Sedimentary stratigraphy determined by trenching in Dalaman, SW Turkey, revealed three sand layers at distance of about 240 m from the shoreline and at elevations of +0.30, +0.55 and +0.90 cm. Storm surges action does  not explain features of these deposits that are instead characteristics of deposition of tsunamis. The sand layers correlate with historical tsunamis generated by large earthquakes which ruptured the East Hellenic Arc and Trench on 1303, 1481 and 1741. AMS 14C dating of a wood sample from layer II indicated deposition in AD1473±46, which fits the 1481 event. From an estimated alluvium deposition rate of ~0.13 cm/year on average, layers I and III were dated at 1322 and 1724, which may represent the large 1303 and 1741 tsunamis. The geological record of the 1303 critical event remains very poor so far (Scheffers et al., 2008), therefore sand layer I perhaps represents an important geological signature of the 1303 tsunami. However, the strong tsunami reported to have been generated by the 1609 earthquake is missing from Dalaman stratigraphy: this underlines the sensitivity of tsunami geological signatures to various local factors. The 1303 earthquake ruptured the trench between Crete and Rhodes islands. For the earthquakes of 1481, 1609 and 1741 we suggested that they were very likely generated in the Rhodes Abyssal Plain (RAP) where sea depths up to about 4,200 m combined with the thrust component of seismotectonics favour tsunami generation. Sand dykes directed upwards from layer I to layer II indicated that the 1481 earthquake triggered liquefaction of sand layer I. The results enrich substantially our knowledge about the historical earthquake and tsunami activity in the east Mediterranean basin.","contactname":"G.A. Papadopoulos","contactemail":"papadop@noa.gr","compiler_idsite":1140,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":" Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1140,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1140,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1140,"depth":0.44999999,"thicknessordimension":0.15000001,"evidencedescription":"Common characteristics of the three sand layers include landward thinning as well as sedimentation and erosive contact with the underlying non-marine layer. In addition, each sand layer was composed of coarse sand grains and included an intercalated parting of silty sand, while no structure of sediment grading was observed within the layers. Pumice and marine shell fragments were found in the sand layers. Thesudden deposition of the sand layers overlying the silty mud suggested catastrophic invasions of seawater.","labyoungestagelya":395,"lyastddev":102,"youngestcalagemin":1473,"youngestcalagemax":46,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1481,"eventdescription":"The LYA derives from radiocarbon dating performed on a wood fragment collected within the sandy layer. Authors relate this deposit to the tsunami of May 3, 1481.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1161,"dating_idevent":1140,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1140,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"Yes","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"Yes","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"numerical simulations","typeofevidence_idevent":1140,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[28.756,36.7031,28.756,36.7031]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.155","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[28.756,36.7031]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":155,"sitename":"Dalaman","yearinvestigationfrom":1996,"yearinvestigationto":2001,"country":"Turkey","region":"SW Turkey","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.7030983,"longitude":28.75600052,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":240,"timeall":700,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"Undisturbed coastal wetland due to the presence of a small river mouth and protected from the sea by a sandy barrier approximately 160 m from the present shoreline.","sitenotes":"The low-energy conditions of the environment protect the deposits from post-depositional erosion. Three sand layers attributed to historically documented tsunamis were found.","timestamp":"2017-03-27T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1140,"reference_idsite":1140,"authors":"Papadopoulos, G. A., Minoura, K.,  Imamura, F., Kuran, U., Yalçiner, A., Fokaefs, A., Takahashi, T.","title":"Strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc","publication":"Research in Geophysics","volume":"2","issue":null,"pages":"10","year":2012,"doi":"10.4081/rg.2012.e12.","url":"http://www.pagepress.org/journals/index.php/rg/article/view/rg.2012.e12","abstract":"Sedimentary stratigraphy determined by trenching in Dalaman, SW Turkey, revealed three sand layers at distance of about 240 m from the shoreline and at elevations of +0.30, +0.55 and +0.90 cm. Storm surges action does  not explain features of these deposits that are instead characteristics of deposition of tsunamis. The sand layers correlate with historical tsunamis generated by large earthquakes which ruptured the East Hellenic Arc and Trench on 1303, 1481 and 1741. AMS 14C dating of a wood sample from layer II indicated deposition in AD1473±46, which fits the 1481 event. From an estimated alluvium deposition rate of ~0.13 cm/year on average, layers I and III were dated at 1322 and 1724, which may represent the large 1303 and 1741 tsunamis. The geological record of the 1303 critical event remains very poor so far (Scheffers et al., 2008), therefore sand layer I perhaps represents an important geological signature of the 1303 tsunami. However, the strong tsunami reported to have been generated by the 1609 earthquake is missing from Dalaman stratigraphy: this underlines the sensitivity of tsunami geological signatures to various local factors. The 1303 earthquake ruptured the trench between Crete and Rhodes islands. For the earthquakes of 1481, 1609 and 1741 we suggested that they were very likely generated in the Rhodes Abyssal Plain (RAP) where sea depths up to about 4,200 m combined with the thrust component of seismotectonics favour tsunami generation. Sand dykes directed upwards from layer I to layer II indicated that the 1481 earthquake triggered liquefaction of sand layer I. The results enrich substantially our knowledge about the historical earthquake and tsunami activity in the east Mediterranean basin.","contactname":"G.A. Papadopoulos","contactemail":"papadop@noa.gr","compiler_idsite":1140,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":" Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1140,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1140,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1140,"depth":0.30000001,"thicknessordimension":0.05,"evidencedescription":"Common characteristics of the three sand layers include landward thinning as well as sedimentation and erosive contact with the underlying non-marine layer. In addition, each sand layer was composed of coarse sand grains and included an intercalated parting of silty sand, while no structure of sediment grading was observed within the layers. Pumice and marine shell fragments were found in the sand layers. Thesudden deposition of the sand layers overlying the silty mud suggested catastrophic invasions of seawater.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":1724,"preferredagemax":1724,"historicalage":1741,"eventdescription":"The preferred age derives from a sedimentation rate of 0.13 cm/yr. Authors relate this deposit to the tsunami of January 31, 1741.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1162,"dating_idevent":1140,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1140,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"Yes","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"Yes","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"numerical simulations","typeofevidence_idevent":1140,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[28.756,36.7031,28.756,36.7031]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.156","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[28.756,36.7031]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":156,"sitename":"Dalaman","yearinvestigationfrom":1996,"yearinvestigationto":2001,"country":"Turkey","region":"SW Turkey","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.7030983,"longitude":28.75600052,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":240,"timeall":700,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"Undisturbed coastal wetland due to the presence of a small river mouth and protected from the sea by a sandy barrier approximately 160 m from the present shoreline.","sitenotes":"The low-energy conditions of the environment protect the deposits from post-depositional erosion. Three sand layers attributed to historically documented tsunamis were found.","timestamp":"2017-03-27T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1140,"reference_idsite":1140,"authors":"Papadopoulos, G. A., Minoura, K.,  Imamura, F., Kuran, U., Yalçiner, A., Fokaefs, A., Takahashi, T.","title":"Strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc","publication":"Research in Geophysics","volume":"2","issue":null,"pages":"10","year":2012,"doi":"10.4081/rg.2012.e12.","url":"http://www.pagepress.org/journals/index.php/rg/article/view/rg.2012.e12","abstract":"Sedimentary stratigraphy determined by trenching in Dalaman, SW Turkey, revealed three sand layers at distance of about 240 m from the shoreline and at elevations of +0.30, +0.55 and +0.90 cm. Storm surges action does  not explain features of these deposits that are instead characteristics of deposition of tsunamis. The sand layers correlate with historical tsunamis generated by large earthquakes which ruptured the East Hellenic Arc and Trench on 1303, 1481 and 1741. AMS 14C dating of a wood sample from layer II indicated deposition in AD1473±46, which fits the 1481 event. From an estimated alluvium deposition rate of ~0.13 cm/year on average, layers I and III were dated at 1322 and 1724, which may represent the large 1303 and 1741 tsunamis. The geological record of the 1303 critical event remains very poor so far (Scheffers et al., 2008), therefore sand layer I perhaps represents an important geological signature of the 1303 tsunami. However, the strong tsunami reported to have been generated by the 1609 earthquake is missing from Dalaman stratigraphy: this underlines the sensitivity of tsunami geological signatures to various local factors. The 1303 earthquake ruptured the trench between Crete and Rhodes islands. For the earthquakes of 1481, 1609 and 1741 we suggested that they were very likely generated in the Rhodes Abyssal Plain (RAP) where sea depths up to about 4,200 m combined with the thrust component of seismotectonics favour tsunami generation. Sand dykes directed upwards from layer I to layer II indicated that the 1481 earthquake triggered liquefaction of sand layer I. The results enrich substantially our knowledge about the historical earthquake and tsunami activity in the east Mediterranean basin.","contactname":"G.A. Papadopoulos","contactemail":"papadop@noa.gr","compiler_idsite":1140,"name":"Gerassimos","surname":" Papadopoulos","affiliation":"National Observatory of Athens","acronym":"NOA","email":"papadop@noa.gr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1140,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":1140,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1140,"depth":0.69999999,"thicknessordimension":0.15000001,"evidencedescription":"Common characteristics of the three sand layers include landward thinning as well as sedimentation and erosive contact with the underlying non-marine layer. In addition, each sand layer was composed of coarse sand grains and included an intercalated parting of silty sand, while no structure of sediment grading was observed within the layers. Pumice and marine shell fragments were found in the sand layers. Thesudden deposition of the sand layers overlying the silty mud suggested catastrophic invasions of seawater.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":1322,"preferredagemax":1322,"historicalage":1303,"eventdescription":"The preferred age derives from a sedimentation rate of 0.13 cm/yr. Authors relate this deposit to the tsunami of August 8, 1303.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1160,"dating_idevent":1140,"archaeological":"Yes","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1140,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"Yes","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"Yes","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":"numerical simulations","typeofevidence_idevent":1140,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[28.756,36.7031,28.756,36.7031]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.157","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-2.8672,56.1977]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":157,"sitename":"Cocklemill Burn","yearinvestigationfrom":1995,"yearinvestigationto":2004,"country":"Scotland","region":null,"province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":56.1977005,"longitude":-2.8671999,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":7,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":null,"timeall":9950,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The area of investigation lies in SE Scotland on the north shore of the Firth of Forth along the lower reaches of a small stream, the Cocklemill Burn.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-05-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1141,"reference_idsite":1141,"authors":"Tooley, M.J., and Smith, D.E.","title":"Relative sea-level change and evidence for Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami from a high-energy coastal environment: Cocklemill Burn, Fife, Scotland, UK","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"133","issue":null,"pages":"13","year":2005,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2004.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"A site in the Cocklemill Burn valley on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, Scotland, provides evidence of relative sea-level changes during the Holocene from ca. 7970 to ca. 5090 radiocarbon years BP, and of the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami dated here as having taken place after ca. 7215 radiocarbon years BP. Marine sediments associated with two shorelines widely present in mainland Scotland, the Main Postglacial Shoreline and the Blairdrummond Shoreline, are recorded. The Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami deposits are unique here in the record of such sediments in eastern Scotland, in that they occur within marine sands, of which the upper horizons are intertidal sandflat deposits. The tsunami deposits probably accumulated shortly after a period of accelerated relative sea-level rise, the pattern and timing of which could have played a role in triggering the Holocene Storegga Slide.","contactname":"M.J. Tooley","contactemail":"michael.tooley@durham.ac.uk","compiler_idsite":1141,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1141,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"river banks","typeofsite_idsite":1141,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1141,"depth":3.25999999,"thicknessordimension":1.70000005,"evidencedescription":"4 units from gravel to sand with marine shell fragments, fining upward sequence of deposits suggesting fluctuating high-energy conditions. ","labyoungestagelya":7620,"lyastddev":60,"youngestcalagemin":-6230,"youngestcalagemax":-5990,"laboldestage":7820,"loastddev":80,"oldestcalagemin":-6410,"oldestcalagemax":-6230,"preferredagemin":-5550,"preferredagemax":-4650,"historicalage":-5265,"eventdescription":"Radicarbon ages derive from two samples collected above and within the tsunami layer respectively. Authors releted this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami. In addition, the tsunami dated here, took place after ca. 7215 radiocarbon years BP.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":1163,"dating_idevent":1141,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":1141,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":1141,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-2.8672,56.1977,-2.8672,56.1977]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.158","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-6.348,49.8954]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":158,"sitename":"St. Agnes ","yearinvestigationfrom":1991,"yearinvestigationto":2000,"country":"England","region":null,"province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":50,"latitude":49.895401,"longitude":-6.34800005,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":null,"timeall":1120,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is a shallow coastal lagoon located at St. Agnes in the Scilly Isles, about 40 km off the south- west of England.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-05-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":1142,"reference_idsite":1142,"authors":"Banerjee, D., Murray, A.S., and Foster, J.L.D.","title":"Scilly Isles, UK: optical dating of a possible tsunami deposit from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"20","issue":null,"pages":"4","year":2001,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"We present the results of optical dating of quartz from marine and aeolian deposits on St. Agnes Island, Scilly Isles, UK. The single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol was used to estimate the equivalent dose in these samples. Proposed tsunami-laid deposits at Big Pool provided ages of 230±40 and 380±60 years; both are consistent with an expected age of 244 years. An OSL age of 6±3 years was obtained on a modern sub-aqueous beach deposit. These results suggest that the OSL signal in the tsunami-laid quartz was completely reset before deposition, and that these sediments can be dated accurately by optical dating techniques. Sand dunes at Bergecooth, 250 m south of Big Pool, were also dated using OSL. These ages indicate phases of aeolian activity at ∼300 a and 1000 a in the Scilly Isles.","contactname":"D. Banerjee","contactemail":"debabrata.banerjee@uow.edu.au","compiler_idsite":1142,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":1142,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"coastal lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":1142,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":1142,"depth":0.22,"thicknessordimension":0.68000001,"evidencedescription":"Marine sand in peat","labyoungestagelya":260,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":1700,"youngestcalagemax":1780,"laboldestage":380,"loastddev":60,"oldestcalagemin":1560,"oldestcalagemax":1680,"preferredagemin":1600,"preferredagemax":1800,"historicalage":1755,"eventdescription":"The ages derive from OSL datings. Samples were collected at the base and top of the studied sandy layer. 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deep","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":1960,"loastddev":110,"oldestcalagemin":728,"oldestcalagemax":970,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating on Glycimeris shells","eventnotes":"AD 881 or AD 949 tsunamis?","event_idevent":2022,"dating_idevent":2013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2013,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-6.208,36.542,-6.208,36.542]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.184","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-6.208,36.542]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":184,"sitename":"Valdelagrana 3","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2009,"country":"Spain","region":"Andalusia","province":"Cadiz","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.54199982,"longitude":-6.20800018,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":1870,"timeall":2000,"numofevents":4,"sitedescription":"tidal flat on the eastern side of Rio Pedro","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-03-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2013,"reference_idsite":2013,"authors":"Gutierrez-Mas et al.","title":"Evidence of high-energy events in shelly layers interbedded in coastal Holocene sands in Cadiz Bay (south-west Spain)","publication":"Earth Surface Processes and 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deep","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":1670,"loastddev":60,"oldestcalagemin":947,"oldestcalagemax":1157,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating on Glycimeris shells","eventnotes":"AD 949 or AD 1033 tsunamis?","event_idevent":2025,"dating_idevent":2013,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2013,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2013,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-6.208,36.542,-6.208,36.542]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.185","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-5.889,36.168]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":185,"sitename":"Barbate","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":2014,"country":"Spain","region":"Andalusia","province":"Cadiz","sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":36.16799927,"longitude":-5.88899994,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":30,"timeall":18600,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"coastal cliff","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2015-03-06T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2014,"reference_idsite":2014,"authors":"Koster & Reicherter","title":"Sedimentological and geophysical properties of a ca. 4000 year old tsunami deposit in southern Spain","publication":"Sedimentary Geology","volume":"314","issue":null,"pages":"16","year":2014,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":null,"contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2014,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"r.paris@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2014,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2014,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"Yes","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2014,"depth":0.25,"thicknessordimension":0.30000001,"evidencedescription":"detrital sandy layer with boulders at the base","labyoungestagelya":3880,"lyastddev":560,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":4320,"loastddev":900,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":null,"eventdescription":"Radiocarbon dating on shells and OSL","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2026,"dating_idevent":2014,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2014,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2014,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-5.889,36.168,-5.889,36.168]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.186","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[25.4228,36.4683]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":186,"sitename":"Cape Kolumbos","yearinvestigationfrom":2013,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Aegean Islands","province":"Santorini Island","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":36.46829987,"longitude":25.42280006,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":14,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":190,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located on slopes near the southern flank of the tuff cone of Cape Kolumbus (Santorini Island). The coasts is characterized by a pebble beach and 5m high cliffs carved in reworked products of the Minoan eruption.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-05-10T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2015,"reference_idsite":2015,"authors":"Martina Ulvrova,  R. Paris, P. Nomikou, K. Kelfoun, S. Leibrandt , D.R. Tappin, F.W. McCoy","title":"Source of the tsunami generated by the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)","publication":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"321","issue":null,"pages":"15","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.034","abstract":"The 1650 AD explosive eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece) generated a destructive tsunami. In this paperwe propose a source mechanism of this poorly documented tsunami using both geological investigations and numerical simulations. Sedimentary evidence of the 1650 AD tsunami was found along the coast of Santorini Island at maximum altitudes ranging between 3.5 m a.s.l. (Perissa, southern coast) and 20 m a.s.l. (Monolithos, eastern coast), corresponding to a minimum inundation of 360 and 630 m respectively. Tsunami deposits consist of an irregular 5 to 30 cm thick layer of dark grey sand that overlies pumiceous deposits erupted during the Minoan eruption and are found at depths of 30–50 cm below the surface. Composition of the tsunami sand is similar to the composition of the present-day beach sand but differs from the pumiceous gravelly deposits on which it rests. The spatial distribution of the tsunami deposits was compared to available historical records and to the results of numerical simulations of tsunami inundation. Different source mechanisms were tested: earthquakes, underwater explosions, caldera collapse, and pyroclastic flows. The most probable source of the 1650 AD Kolumbo tsunami is a 250 m high water surface displacement generated by underwater explosion with an energy of ~2 × 1016 J at water depths between 20 and 150 m. The tsunamigenic explosion(s) occurred on September 29, 1650 during the transition between submarine and subaerial phases of the eruption. Caldera subsidence is not an efficient tsunami source mechanism as short (and probably unrealistic) collapse durations (<5 min) are needed. Pyroclastic flows cannot be discarded, but the required flux (106 to 107 m3 • s−1) is exceptionally high compared to the magnitude of the eruption.","contactname":"R. Paris","contactemail":"raphael.paris@uca.fr","compiler_idsite":2015,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"raphael.paris@uca.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2015,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"Yes","geomorphicsetting_other":"slope","typeofsite_idsite":2015,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2015,"depth":0.30000001,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"The evidence is based on a layer of dark gray sand with pebbles at the base. The lower contact is erosional. The sand layer has a composition almost similar to the beach, except that it is enriched in pumice shards (from the Minoan ignimbrite) and relatively depleted in dark minerals (15%).","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1650,"eventdescription":"The sand layer corresponds to a post-Minoan tsunami, the tsunami generated during the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine being themost plausible candidate.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2027,"dating_idevent":2015,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2015,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2015,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[25.4228,36.4683,25.4228,36.4683]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.187","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[25.4814,36.3716]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":187,"sitename":"Kamari","yearinvestigationfrom":2013,"yearinvestigationto":2015,"country":"Greece","region":"Aegean Islands","province":"Santorini Island","sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":10,"latitude":36.3716011,"longitude":25.48139954,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":6,"elevationtype":"Topographic Map","distance":90,"timeall":null,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site of Kamari is located on the eastern coastal plain of Santorini close to a Byzantine archaeological site.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-05-10T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2016,"reference_idsite":2016,"authors":"Martina Ulvrova,  R. Paris, P. Nomikou, K. Kelfoun, S. Leibrandt , D.R. Tappin, F.W. McCoy","title":"Source of the tsunami generated by the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)","publication":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","volume":"321","issue":null,"pages":"15","year":2016,"doi":null,"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.034","abstract":"The 1650 AD explosive eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece) generated a destructive tsunami. In this paperwe propose a source mechanism of this poorly documented tsunami using both geological investigations and numerical simulations. Sedimentary evidence of the 1650 AD tsunami was found along the coast of Santorini Island at maximum altitudes ranging between 3.5 m a.s.l. (Perissa, southern coast) and 20 m a.s.l. (Monolithos, eastern coast), corresponding to a minimum inundation of 360 and 630 m respectively. Tsunami deposits consist of an irregular 5 to 30 cm thick layer of dark grey sand that overlies pumiceous deposits erupted during the Minoan eruption and are found at depths of 30–50 cm below the surface. Composition of the tsunami sand is similar to the composition of the present-day beach sand but differs from the pumiceous gravelly deposits on which it rests. The spatial distribution of the tsunami deposits was compared to available historical records and to the results of numerical simulations of tsunami inundation. Different source mechanisms were tested: earthquakes, underwater explosions, caldera collapse, and pyroclastic flows. The most probable source of the 1650 AD Kolumbo tsunami is a 250 m high water surface displacement generated by underwater explosion with an energy of ~2 × 1016 J at water depths between 20 and 150 m. The tsunamigenic explosion(s) occurred on September 29, 1650 during the transition between submarine and subaerial phases of the eruption. Caldera subsidence is not an efficient tsunami source mechanism as short (and probably unrealistic) collapse durations (<5 min) are needed. Pyroclastic flows cannot be discarded, but the required flux (106 to 107 m3 • s−1) is exceptionally high compared to the magnitude of the eruption.","contactname":"R. Paris","contactemail":"raphael.paris@uca.fr","compiler_idsite":2016,"name":"Raphael","surname":"Paris","affiliation":"CNRS-LMV","acronym":"CNRS","email":"raphael.paris@uca.fr","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2016,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2016,"artificialcut":"Yes","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2016,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":null,"evidencedescription":"At Kamari (6 m a.s.l.), archaeological excavations revealed Byzantine foundations buried by more than 50 cm of reworked Minoan tephra (from ash to lapilli size). Pebbles and rounded pumice lapilli on top of the sequence represent the only possible evidence of tsunami, but the layer is poorly preserved.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":1650,"eventdescription":"Authors suggest that thisdeposit is a plausible candidate for a post-Minoan tsunami (1650 AD Kolumbo).","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2028,"dating_idevent":2016,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2016,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2016,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[25.4814,36.3716,25.4814,36.3716]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.188","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-0.9499,60.7138]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":188,"sitename":"Burragarth","yearinvestigationfrom":1993,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Scotland","region":"Shetland Islands","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":250,"latitude":60.71379852,"longitude":-0.94989997,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":4.11000013,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":600,"timeall":8215,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is a north-western facing bay backed by dunes","sitenotes":"The elevation of the site represents the highest observed tsunami sediment altitude, based upon UK Ordnance Datum Newlyon (OD). On the base of this, the depth of the deposit is fixed to  0.","timestamp":"2017-05-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2019,"reference_idsite":2019,"authors":"D.E. Smith, S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, D. Long","title":"The Holocene Storegga slide tsunami in the UK","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"31","year":2004,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"All currently known sites in the United Kingdom with evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami are described. Information on the altitude, distribution, stratigraphical context, age, particle size profile and microfossil characteristics of the deposits is presented. The tsunami involved a greater area than previously described, reaching a coastline over 600km long. The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. The tsunami sediments identified here are considered particularly valuable as a synchronous marker horizon.","contactname":"David Smith","contactemail":"d.smith@uwclub.net","compiler_idsite":2019,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2019,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"fluvial valley","typeofsite_idsite":2019,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2019,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.75,"evidencedescription":"Grey micaceous sand between silty clay and peat","labyoungestagelya":7215,"lyastddev":60,"youngestcalagemin":-6215,"youngestcalagemax":-5928,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":"Authors relate this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2031,"dating_idevent":2019,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2019,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2019,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-0.9499,60.7138,-0.9499,60.7138]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.189","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-0.8035,60.8051]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":189,"sitename":"Norwick","yearinvestigationfrom":1993,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Scotland","region":"Shetland Islands","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":300,"latitude":60.80509949,"longitude":-0.8035,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3.46000004,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":1000,"timeall":7798,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the Burn of Norwick valley","sitenotes":"The elevation of the site represents the highest observed tsunami sediment altitude, based upon UK Ordnance Datum Newlyon (OD). On the base of this, the depth of the deposit is fixed to  0.","timestamp":"2017-05-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2020,"reference_idsite":2020,"authors":"D.E. Smith, S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, D. Long","title":"The Holocene Storegga slide tsunami in the UK","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"31","year":2004,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"All currently known sites in the United Kingdom with evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami are described. Information on the altitude, distribution, stratigraphical context, age, particle size profile and microfossil characteristics of the deposits is presented. The tsunami involved a greater area than previously described, reaching a coastline over 600km long. The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. The tsunami sediments identified here are considered particularly valuable as a synchronous marker horizon.","contactname":"David Smith","contactemail":"d.smith@uwclub.net","compiler_idsite":2020,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2020,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2020,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2020,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.25,"evidencedescription":"Micaceous sand  of marine origin with angular clasts and organic fragments is found between a peat (above) and a laminated grey-green silty clay","labyoungestagelya":6840,"lyastddev":40,"youngestcalagemin":-5798,"youngestcalagemax":-5639,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":"Authors relate this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2032,"dating_idevent":2020,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2020,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2020,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-0.8035,60.8051,-0.8035,60.8051]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.190","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-1.2814,60.437]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":190,"sitename":"Scatsta Voe","yearinvestigationfrom":1981,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Scotland","region":"Shetland Islands","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":250,"latitude":60.43700027,"longitude":-1.28139997,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":12.44999981,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":300,"timeall":6685,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located in the backyard of a lagoon separated from the sea by a sandy dune.","sitenotes":"The elevation of the site represents the highest observed tsunami sediment altitude, based upon UK Ordnance Datum Newlyon (OD). On the base of this, the depth of the deposit is fixed to  0.","timestamp":"2017-05-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2021,"reference_idsite":2021,"authors":"D.E. Smith, S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, D. Long","title":"The Holocene Storegga slide tsunami in the UK","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"31","year":2004,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"All currently known sites in the United Kingdom with evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami are described. Information on the altitude, distribution, stratigraphical context, age, particle size profile and microfossil characteristics of the deposits is presented. The tsunami involved a greater area than previously described, reaching a coastline over 600km long. The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. The tsunami sediments identified here are considered particularly valuable as a synchronous marker horizon.","contactname":"David Smith","contactemail":"d.smith@uwclub.net","compiler_idsite":2021,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2021,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":2021,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2021,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"Sand horizon containing fragments of vegetation within peat.","labyoungestagelya":3815,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":-2456,"youngestcalagemax":-2137,"laboldestage":5700,"loastddev":45,"oldestcalagemin":-4685,"oldestcalagemax":-4405,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":"Authors relate this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2033,"dating_idevent":2021,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"Yes","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2021,"environmental":"No","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2021,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-1.2814,60.437,-1.2814,60.437]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.191","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-1.2589,60.4485]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":191,"sitename":"Garth's Voe","yearinvestigationfrom":1981,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Scotland","region":"Shetland Islands","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Point","radius":null,"latitude":60.44850159,"longitude":-1.25890005,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":2.5,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":50,"timeall":9030,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The site is located along the shore of an protected bay","sitenotes":"The elevation of the site represents the highest observed tsunami sediment altitude, based upon UK Ordnance Datum Newlyon (OD). On the base of this, the depth of the deposit is fixed to  0.","timestamp":"2017-05-11T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2022,"reference_idsite":2022,"authors":"D.E. Smith, S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, D. Long","title":"The Holocene Storegga slide tsunami in the UK","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"31","year":2004,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"All currently known sites in the United Kingdom with evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami are described. Information on the altitude, distribution, stratigraphical context, age, particle size profile and microfossil characteristics of the deposits is presented. The tsunami involved a greater area than previously described, reaching a coastline over 600km long. The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. The tsunami sediments identified here are considered particularly valuable as a synchronous marker horizon.","contactname":"David Smith","contactemail":"d.smith@uwclub.net","compiler_idsite":2022,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2022,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2022,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2022,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.1,"evidencedescription":"Sand horizon containing fragments of vegetation within peat.","labyoungestagelya":5315,"lyastddev":45,"youngestcalagemin":-4316,"youngestcalagemax":-3996,"laboldestage":5765,"loastddev":45,"oldestcalagemin":-4765,"oldestcalagemax":-4498,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":"Authors relate this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2034,"dating_idevent":2022,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2022,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2022,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-1.2589,60.4485,-1.2589,60.4485]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.192","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-4.01,57.9656]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":192,"sitename":"Smithy House","yearinvestigationfrom":1992,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Scotland","region":"Dornoch ","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":57.96559906,"longitude":-4.01000023,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5.73000002,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":null,"timeall":7985,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The radius of the area was arbitrarily chosen of 100 meters, because there are not information about the location of the cores","sitenotes":"The elevation of the site represents the highest observed tsunami sediment altitude, based upon UK Ordnance Datum Newlyon (OD). 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The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. 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The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. 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An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. 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On the base of this, the depth of the deposit is fixed to  0.","timestamp":"2017-05-26T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2046,"reference_idsite":2046,"authors":"D.E. Smith, S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, D. Long","title":"The Holocene Storegga slide tsunami in the UK","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"31","year":2004,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"All currently known sites in the United Kingdom with evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami are described. Information on the altitude, distribution, stratigraphical context, age, particle size profile and microfossil characteristics of the deposits is presented. The tsunami involved a greater area than previously described, reaching a coastline over 600km long. The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. The tsunami sediments identified here are considered particularly valuable as a synchronous marker horizon.","contactname":"David Smith","contactemail":"d.smith@uwclub.net","compiler_idsite":2046,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2046,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2046,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2046,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.14,"evidencedescription":"silty fine sand layer within raised estuarine silt sediment down-valley and within peat up-valley.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":null,"oldestcalagemax":null,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":"Authors relate this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2059,"dating_idevent":2046,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2046,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2046,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-4.2168,56.1764,-4.2168,56.1764]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.214","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-4.2902,56.1373]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":214,"sitename":"Over Easter Offerance","yearinvestigationfrom":1965,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Scotland","region":null,"province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":56.13729858,"longitude":-4.29020023,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":11.43000031,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":null,"timeall":7839,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The radius of the area was arbitrarily chosen of 100 meters, because there are not information about the location of the cores","sitenotes":"The elevation of the site represents the highest observed tsunami sediment altitude, based upon UK Ordnance Datum Newlyon (OD). On the base of this, the depth of the deposit is fixed to  0.","timestamp":"2017-05-26T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2047,"reference_idsite":2047,"authors":"D.E. Smith, S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, D. Long","title":"The Holocene Storegga slide tsunami in the UK","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"31","year":2004,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"All currently known sites in the United Kingdom with evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami are described. Information on the altitude, distribution, stratigraphical context, age, particle size profile and microfossil characteristics of the deposits is presented. The tsunami involved a greater area than previously described, reaching a coastline over 600km long. The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. The tsunami sediments identified here are considered particularly valuable as a synchronous marker horizon.","contactname":"David Smith","contactemail":"d.smith@uwclub.net","compiler_idsite":2047,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2047,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2047,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2047,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.07,"evidencedescription":"Sand within raised estuarine sediments at south of the river and within peat towards the valley side","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":null,"youngestcalagemax":null,"laboldestage":6870,"loastddev":50,"oldestcalagemin":-5839,"oldestcalagemax":-5642,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":"Authors relate this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2060,"dating_idevent":2047,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"Yes","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2047,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"Yes","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2047,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-4.2902,56.1373,-4.2902,56.1373]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.215","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-2.6162,56.0303]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":215,"sitename":"Lochhouses","yearinvestigationfrom":1965,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"Scotland","region":"East Lothian","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":56.03030014,"longitude":-2.61619997,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":3.30999994,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":null,"timeall":8586,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The radius of the area was arbitrarily chosen of 100 meters, because there are not information about the location of the cores","sitenotes":"The elevation of the site represents the highest observed tsunami sediment altitude, based upon UK Ordnance Datum Newlyon (OD). On the base of this, the depth of the deposit is fixed to  0.","timestamp":"2017-05-26T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2048,"reference_idsite":2048,"authors":"D.E. Smith, S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, D. Long","title":"The Holocene Storegga slide tsunami in the UK","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"31","year":2004,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"All currently known sites in the United Kingdom with evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami are described. Information on the altitude, distribution, stratigraphical context, age, particle size profile and microfossil characteristics of the deposits is presented. The tsunami involved a greater area than previously described, reaching a coastline over 600km long. The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. The tsunami sediments identified here are considered particularly valuable as a synchronous marker horizon.","contactname":"David Smith","contactemail":"d.smith@uwclub.net","compiler_idsite":2048,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2048,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2048,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"Yes","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2048,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.38,"evidencedescription":"A peat moss in a gully enclosed behind an extensive barrier of sand to seaward contains an horizon of sand towards the base with predominantly marine and brackish-marine diatoms and a high proportion of broken and eroded pollen grains","labyoungestagelya":7315,"lyastddev":70,"youngestcalagemin":-6375,"youngestcalagemax":-6018,"laboldestage":7590,"loastddev":60,"oldestcalagemin":-6586,"oldestcalagemax":-6251,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":"Authors relate this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2061,"dating_idevent":2048,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"No","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2048,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"Yes","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2048,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-2.6162,56.0303,-2.6162,56.0303]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.216","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-1.9411,55.7003]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":216,"sitename":"Broomhouse Farm","yearinvestigationfrom":1999,"yearinvestigationto":2003,"country":"England","region":"Borders","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":100,"latitude":55.70029831,"longitude":-1.9411,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":5,"elevationtype":"GPS Global Positioning System","distance":null,"timeall":8201,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"The radius of the area was arbitrarily chosen of 100 meters, because there are not information about the location of the cores","sitenotes":"The elevation of the site represents the highest observed tsunami sediment altitude, based upon UK Ordnance Datum Newlyon (OD). On the base of this, the depth of the deposit is fixed to  0.","timestamp":"2017-05-26T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2049,"reference_idsite":2049,"authors":"D.E. Smith, S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, D. Long","title":"The Holocene Storegga slide tsunami in the UK","publication":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"23","issue":null,"pages":"31","year":2004,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"All currently known sites in the United Kingdom with evidence for the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami are described. Information on the altitude, distribution, stratigraphical context, age, particle size profile and microfossil characteristics of the deposits is presented. The tsunami involved a greater area than previously described, reaching a coastline over 600km long. The ubiquitous sand layer which forms the main deposit associated with the event is shown to exhibit a consistent morphology and a particle size profile marked by fining-upwards sequences. An analysis of new and previously published radiocarbon dates indicates that from evidence in the United Kingdom, the event took place sometime around 7100 radiocarbon years BP (7900 calibrated years BP). A new isobase model for mainland Scotland and adjacent areas, providing a preliminary estimate of land uplift since the tsunami, is presented. The model estimates contemporary sea surface level offshore at 14m below the present day mean high water spring tides. Tsunami sediment run-up is greatest in inlets, where it reaches at least 25m on Shetland and at least 5m along the mainland coastline to the south, and run-up of the tsunami would have exceeded these values. The tsunami sediments identified here are considered particularly valuable as a synchronous marker horizon.","contactname":"David Smith","contactemail":"d.smith@uwclub.net","compiler_idsite":2049,"name":"James","surname":"Hunt","affiliation":"National Oceanography Centre Southampton","acronym":"NOCS","email":"james.hunt@noc.ac.uk","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2049,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":null,"typeofsite_idsite":2049,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2049,"depth":null,"thicknessordimension":0.40000001,"evidencedescription":"Marine sand horizon within coastal peat moss","labyoungestagelya":6700,"lyastddev":60,"youngestcalagemin":-5717,"youngestcalagemax":-5490,"laboldestage":7165,"loastddev":60,"oldestcalagemin":-6201,"oldestcalagemax":-5990,"preferredagemin":null,"preferredagemax":null,"historicalage":-6175,"eventdescription":"Authors relate this deposit to the Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2062,"dating_idevent":2049,"archaeological":"No","cs137":"No","osl":"No","paleontology":"No","palynology":"Yes","pb210":"No","radiocarbon":"Yes","sedimentationrate":"No","tephrachronology":"No","thermoluminescence":"No","dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2049,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2049,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[-1.9411,55.7003,-1.9411,55.7003]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.217","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[28.8787,30.897]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":217,"sitename":"El Alamein","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Egypt","region":null,"province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":30.89699936,"longitude":28.87870026,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":null,"timeall":5954,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located about 10 km northwest of El Alamein village. In detail, the site consists of dry lagoons protected from the sea by 5 to 30-m-high sand dunes.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-05-29T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2050,"reference_idsite":2050,"authors":"Mustapha Meghraoui","title":"Onshore tsunami deposits, contribution of CNR-IPG Strasbourg","publication":"ASTARTE project (Assessment, Strategy And Risk Reduction for Tsunamis in Europe - FP7-ENV2013 6.4-3, Grant 603839; Nov. 2013 – April 2017): scientific periodic report task 2.3 : onshore tsunami deposits","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":"39","year":2017,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"This report on the study of paleotsunami records along the Mediterranean coastline of Egypt is prepared in the frame of the ASTARTE project (Assessment, Strategy And Risk Reduction for Tsunamis in Europe - FP7-ENV2013 6.4-3, Grant 603839; Nov. 2013 – April 2017) as part of Task 2.3 “Reccurrence rates from onshore Tsunami deposits”. The study area located west of Alexandria is selected according to historical earthquakes and related inundation events as recorded in documents and archives. Field investigations include: 1) Coastal geomorphology along estuaries, wedge-protected and dune-protected lagoons, and terrace-platforms as potential sites for paleotsunami and boulder records, and 2) Investigations of paleotsunamis deposits and their spatial distribution using trenching and coring. In addition of 10 trenches (1.5-m-depth) and 16 (1 to 2.5-m-depth) cores descriptions with detailed logging and Xrays, data collection includes geochemical analysis, magnetic susceptibility and radiocarbon dating necessary for the identification of tsunamis records. In stratigraphic successions of low energy marine and alluvial deposits, mixed sand, gravel and broken shells are interpreted as catastrophic layers correlated with tsunami deposits. The two selected sites at Kefret Saber ~32-km west of Marsa-Matruh city and ~10 km northwest of El Alamein village are inner lagoons protected by 2 to 40-m-high dunes parallel to the shoreline. A total of 50 samples of organic deposits and charcoal fragments were collected from both sites, among which 20 samples have been dated. Dated charcoal in deposits above and below the catastrophic layers lead us to correlate them with the 24 June 1870 (Mw 7.5), 8 August 1303 (Mw ~8) and 21 July 365 (Mw 8 – 8.5), major earthquakes that generated tsunamis with the inundation of Alexandria harbor. Major tsunamigenic seismic sources being along the Hellenic subduction zone and Cyprus arc, our study of paleotsunami deposits and their distribution along the Egyptian coast will help in a better constraint of the size and recurrence of tsunamis, and their propagation over the east Mediterranean regions.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2050,"name":"Simone","surname":"Orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2050,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Dry lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":2050,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2050,"depth":0.19,"thicknessordimension":0.075,"evidencedescription":"White sandy layer, rich in broken shells, poorly sorted and rich in organic matter. The layer is located within alluvial sandy clay units.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":1670,"youngestcalagemax":1890,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":1660,"oldestcalagemax":1810,"preferredagemin":1805,"preferredagemax":1935,"historicalage":1870,"eventdescription":"Authors provide only the 2 sigma calibrated ages according to the calibration curve of Rymer et al., 2004. The preferred age derives from a simulated probability density function (pdf) using Oxcal Sofware from Bronk-Ramsay 2008. The pdf was performed onsome selected radiocarbon ages collected in this site. The event can be correlated with known historical tsunami of 24 June1870. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2063,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2050,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2050,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[28.8787,30.897,28.8787,30.897]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.218","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[28.8787,30.897]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":218,"sitename":"El Alamein","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Egypt","region":null,"province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":30.89699936,"longitude":28.87870026,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":null,"timeall":5954,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located about 10 km northwest of El Alamein village. In detail, the site consists of dry lagoons protected from the sea by 5 to 30-m-high sand dunes.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-05-29T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2050,"reference_idsite":2050,"authors":"Mustapha Meghraoui","title":"Onshore tsunami deposits, contribution of CNR-IPG Strasbourg","publication":"ASTARTE project (Assessment, Strategy And Risk Reduction for Tsunamis in Europe - FP7-ENV2013 6.4-3, Grant 603839; Nov. 2013 – April 2017): scientific periodic report task 2.3 : onshore tsunami deposits","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":"39","year":2017,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"This report on the study of paleotsunami records along the Mediterranean coastline of Egypt is prepared in the frame of the ASTARTE project (Assessment, Strategy And Risk Reduction for Tsunamis in Europe - FP7-ENV2013 6.4-3, Grant 603839; Nov. 2013 – April 2017) as part of Task 2.3 “Reccurrence rates from onshore Tsunami deposits”. The study area located west of Alexandria is selected according to historical earthquakes and related inundation events as recorded in documents and archives. Field investigations include: 1) Coastal geomorphology along estuaries, wedge-protected and dune-protected lagoons, and terrace-platforms as potential sites for paleotsunami and boulder records, and 2) Investigations of paleotsunamis deposits and their spatial distribution using trenching and coring. In addition of 10 trenches (1.5-m-depth) and 16 (1 to 2.5-m-depth) cores descriptions with detailed logging and Xrays, data collection includes geochemical analysis, magnetic susceptibility and radiocarbon dating necessary for the identification of tsunamis records. In stratigraphic successions of low energy marine and alluvial deposits, mixed sand, gravel and broken shells are interpreted as catastrophic layers correlated with tsunami deposits. The two selected sites at Kefret Saber ~32-km west of Marsa-Matruh city and ~10 km northwest of El Alamein village are inner lagoons protected by 2 to 40-m-high dunes parallel to the shoreline. A total of 50 samples of organic deposits and charcoal fragments were collected from both sites, among which 20 samples have been dated. Dated charcoal in deposits above and below the catastrophic layers lead us to correlate them with the 24 June 1870 (Mw 7.5), 8 August 1303 (Mw ~8) and 21 July 365 (Mw 8 – 8.5), major earthquakes that generated tsunamis with the inundation of Alexandria harbor. Major tsunamigenic seismic sources being along the Hellenic subduction zone and Cyprus arc, our study of paleotsunami deposits and their distribution along the Egyptian coast will help in a better constraint of the size and recurrence of tsunamis, and their propagation over the east Mediterranean regions.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2050,"name":"Simone","surname":"Orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2050,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Dry lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":2050,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2050,"depth":0.31999999,"thicknessordimension":0.13500001,"evidencedescription":"White sandy layer highly laminated, mixed up with coarse sand and broken shell fragments, within alluvial sandy clay units.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":1677,"youngestcalagemax":1940,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":403,"oldestcalagemax":634,"preferredagemin":1168,"preferredagemax":1689,"historicalage":1303,"eventdescription":"Authors provide only the calibrated 2 sigma age according to the calibration curve of Rymer et al., 2004. The preferred age derives from a simulated probability density function (pdf) using Oxcal Sofware from Bronk-Ramsay 2008. The pdf was performed on radiocarbon ages collected in this site and in another site, 200 km far, with similar and comparable sedimentary sequence.The event can be correlated with known historical tsunami of 8 August 1303. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2064,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2050,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2050,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[28.8787,30.897,28.8787,30.897]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.219","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[28.8787,30.897]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":219,"sitename":"El Alamein","yearinvestigationfrom":null,"yearinvestigationto":null,"country":"Egypt","region":null,"province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":200,"latitude":30.89699936,"longitude":28.87870026,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":null,"timeall":5954,"numofevents":3,"sitedescription":"The site is located about 10 km northwest of El Alamein village. In detail, the site consists of dry lagoons protected from the sea by 5 to 30-m-high sand dunes.","sitenotes":null,"timestamp":"2017-05-29T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2050,"reference_idsite":2050,"authors":"Mustapha Meghraoui","title":"Onshore tsunami deposits, contribution of CNR-IPG Strasbourg","publication":"ASTARTE project (Assessment, Strategy And Risk Reduction for Tsunamis in Europe - FP7-ENV2013 6.4-3, Grant 603839; Nov. 2013 – April 2017): scientific periodic report task 2.3 : onshore tsunami deposits","volume":null,"issue":null,"pages":"39","year":2017,"doi":null,"url":null,"abstract":"This report on the study of paleotsunami records along the Mediterranean coastline of Egypt is prepared in the frame of the ASTARTE project (Assessment, Strategy And Risk Reduction for Tsunamis in Europe - FP7-ENV2013 6.4-3, Grant 603839; Nov. 2013 – April 2017) as part of Task 2.3 “Reccurrence rates from onshore Tsunami deposits”. The study area located west of Alexandria is selected according to historical earthquakes and related inundation events as recorded in documents and archives. Field investigations include: 1) Coastal geomorphology along estuaries, wedge-protected and dune-protected lagoons, and terrace-platforms as potential sites for paleotsunami and boulder records, and 2) Investigations of paleotsunamis deposits and their spatial distribution using trenching and coring. In addition of 10 trenches (1.5-m-depth) and 16 (1 to 2.5-m-depth) cores descriptions with detailed logging and Xrays, data collection includes geochemical analysis, magnetic susceptibility and radiocarbon dating necessary for the identification of tsunamis records. In stratigraphic successions of low energy marine and alluvial deposits, mixed sand, gravel and broken shells are interpreted as catastrophic layers correlated with tsunami deposits. The two selected sites at Kefret Saber ~32-km west of Marsa-Matruh city and ~10 km northwest of El Alamein village are inner lagoons protected by 2 to 40-m-high dunes parallel to the shoreline. A total of 50 samples of organic deposits and charcoal fragments were collected from both sites, among which 20 samples have been dated. Dated charcoal in deposits above and below the catastrophic layers lead us to correlate them with the 24 June 1870 (Mw 7.5), 8 August 1303 (Mw ~8) and 21 July 365 (Mw 8 – 8.5), major earthquakes that generated tsunamis with the inundation of Alexandria harbor. Major tsunamigenic seismic sources being along the Hellenic subduction zone and Cyprus arc, our study of paleotsunami deposits and their distribution along the Egyptian coast will help in a better constraint of the size and recurrence of tsunamis, and their propagation over the east Mediterranean regions.","contactname":null,"contactemail":null,"compiler_idsite":2050,"name":"Simone","surname":"Orefice","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"simone.orefice@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2050,"areaprotecteddunes":"Yes","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"Yes","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"No","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Dry lagoon","typeofsite_idsite":2050,"artificialcut":"No","coast":"No","enginecore":"Yes","exploratorytrench":"Yes","handcore":"Yes","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2050,"depth":0.88999999,"thicknessordimension":0.25,"evidencedescription":"Dark grey sand with broken shell fragments within alluvial sandy clay units.","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":403,"youngestcalagemax":634,"laboldestage":null,"loastddev":null,"oldestcalagemin":-1113,"oldestcalagemax":-293,"preferredagemin":48,"preferredagemax":715,"historicalage":365,"eventdescription":"Authors provide only the calibrated 2 sigma age according to the calibration curve of Rymer et al., 2004. The preferred age derives from a simulated probability density function (pdf) using Oxcal Sofware from Bronk-Ramsay 2008. The pdf was performed on radiocarbon ages collected in this site and in another site 200 km far with similar and comparable sedimentary sequence.The event can be correlated with known historical tsunami of 21July365. ","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2065,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2050,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2050,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[28.8787,30.897,28.8787,30.897]},{"type":"Feature","id":"astarte.220","geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[28.9519,41.006]},"geometry_name":"wkb_geometry","properties":{"objectid":220,"sitename":"Yenikapi","yearinvestigationfrom":2007,"yearinvestigationto":2012,"country":"Turkey","region":"Istanbul","province":null,"sitegeometry":"Polygon","radius":110,"latitude":41.00600052,"longitude":28.95190048,"datum":"WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984","elevation":null,"elevationtype":"Unknown","distance":500,"timeall":7469,"numofevents":1,"sitedescription":"A Byzantine harbour (Theodosian harbour) has been uncovered during excavations at Yenikapı, headed by the Istanbul Archaeological Museum and the Marmaray Project. The Theodosian harbour is located on the south western bank of Istanbul, presently 500 m from the coastline and infilled with alluvium from the Lycos River. The 7 m sedimentary sequence observed in Theodosius’ harbour consists of marine and fluvial facies.","sitenotes":"The stratigraphy of the site attests to a number of environmental changes: (i) a continental marsh before the mid-Holocene marine transgression; (ii) a coastal environment that served as a harbour between the 4th and 11th centuries AD; and (iii) a final infill phase by alluvium from the Lycos River after the 11th century AD.","timestamp":"2017-05-31T00:00:00Z","site_idsite":2051,"reference_idsite":2051,"authors":"Guénaëlle Bony, Nick Marriner, Christophe Morhange, David Kaniewski, Dogan Perinçek","title":"A high-energy deposit in the Byzantine harbour of Yenikapı, Istanbul (Turkey)","publication":"Quaternary International","volume":"266","issue":null,"pages":"14","year":2012,"doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.031 ","url":null,"abstract":"A Byzantine harbour (Theodosian harbour) has been uncovered during excavations at Yenikapı, with a stratigraphic sequence spanning the past 7000 BP. In the marine part of the sedimentary sequence, a high-energy deposit has been interpreted as being of tsunami origin and related to the earthquake of557 AD. This paper presents a bio-sedimentological analysis of this facies. The unit is characterised by coarse sands and gravels containing reworked material such as woods, bones, marble blocks, amphora fragments, ceramics, coins, shells and plant remains. The thickness of the facies varies between 10 and 100 cm. The sediment matrix is poorly sorted with skewness values indicative of a sub-tidal fine-sandenvironment. Many of the marine taxa have been reworked and diverse ecological assemblages are represented (lagoonal, coastal and open marine species). This unit is divided into three facies consistent with different phases of the tsunami drowning and water retreat. The basal facies corresponds to two tsunami wave trains, and the upper facies indicates the backwash flow.","contactname":"Guénaëlle Bony ","contactemail":"bony@cerege.fr","compiler_idsite":2051,"name":"Paolo Marco","surname":"De Martini","affiliation":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","acronym":"INGV","email":"paolomarco.demartini@ingv.it","geomorphicsetting_idsite":2051,"areaprotecteddunes":"No","coastallake":"No","coastalmarsh":"No","estuary":"No","fluvialplain":"Yes","offshore":"No","rockycoast":"No","geomorphicsetting_other":"Archeological site (ancient harbor)","typeofsite_idsite":2051,"artificialcut":"Yes","coast":"No","enginecore":"No","exploratorytrench":"No","handcore":"No","naturalexposure":"No","typeofsite_other":null,"event_idsite":2051,"depth":4.3499999,"thicknessordimension":1,"evidencedescription":"A high-energy deposit has been interpreted as being of tsunami origin. This unit is characterised by: (i) an irregular but sharp bottom contact with the underlying and overlying units, suggesting that (a) the top of the underlying unit was partially eroded by currents and (b) this chaotic high-energy layer was deposited very abruptly; and (ii) coarse-grained sediment (coarse sands and gravels). This deposit is rich in reworked marine and continental material, including shells, coins, broken amphorae, ceramics, camel and horse bones, skeleton and wooden fragments. The thickness of the facies varies between 10 and 100 cm. The sediment is very poorly sorted (sorting index of 1.3) indicating an abrupt event with no clear structure. The skewness index is negative, consistent with a “tail” of coarse sands. Based on grain-size analyses, this unit can be subdivided into three facies, a: up-rush facies 1 corresponding to the first tsunami wave train deposit, b: up-rush facies 2 corresponding to a wave train possibly more energetic than that of facies 1, c: backwash facies based on the large amount of reworking of poorly sorted mixture of soil, non-marine sands and plant fragments. ","labyoungestagelya":null,"lyastddev":null,"youngestcalagemin":600,"youngestcalagemax":900,"laboldestage":1560,"loastddev":29,"oldestcalagemin":424,"oldestcalagemax":565,"preferredagemin":424,"preferredagemax":565,"historicalage":557,"eventdescription":"The authors decided to use a correction for radiocarbon dated samples of marine origin calculated by themselves and resulting in an amount of 425 ± 42 yr, this value was subtracted to the laboratory age and the following calibration was performed using Calib. Rev 6.0.1 with IntCal09 (Reimer et al., 2009). Because of the dating uncertainties (424e565 cal. AD at 95, 4%), it is difficult to attribute the high-energy facies to one particular event among those available as historical accounts: (i) 447 AD, (ii) 477e 480 AD, (iii) 553 AD, (iv) 557 AD, and (v) 558 AD. Nevertheless, authors prefer the 557 A.D. tsunami event.","eventnotes":null,"event_idevent":2066,"dating_idevent":null,"archaeological":null,"cs137":null,"osl":null,"paleontology":null,"palynology":null,"pb210":null,"radiocarbon":null,"sedimentationrate":null,"tephrachronology":null,"thermoluminescence":null,"dating_other":null,"typeofanalysis_idevent":2051,"environmental":"Yes","geochemical":"No","magnetic":"No","micromorphological":"No","paleontological":"No","sedimentological":"No","x_ray":"No","typeofanalysis_other":null,"typeofevidence_idevent":2051,"geomorphology":"No","sediment":"Yes","transportedblock":"No","typeofevidence_other":null},"bbox":[28.9519,41.006,28.9519,41.006]}],"totalFeatures":220,"numberMatched":220,"numberReturned":220,"timeStamp":"2026-05-08T14:55:46.121Z","crs":{"type":"name","properties":{"name":"urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4326"}},"bbox":[-15.706,28.103,29.0978,63.8332]}